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   This file documents the GNU debugger GDB.

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File: gdb.info,  Node: GDB/MI Tracepoint Commands,  Next: GDB/MI Symbol Query,  Prev: GDB/MI Data Manipulation,  Up: GDB/MI

27.17 GDB/MI Tracepoint Commands
================================

The commands defined in this section implement MI support for
tracepoints.  For detailed introduction, see *note Tracepoints::.

The ‘-trace-find’ Command
-------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -trace-find MODE [PARAMETERS...]

   Find a trace frame using criteria defined by MODE and PARAMETERS.
The following table lists permissible modes and their parameters.  For
details of operation, see *note tfind::.

‘none’
     No parameters are required.  Stops examining trace frames.

‘frame-number’
     An integer is required as parameter.  Selects tracepoint frame with
     that index.

‘tracepoint-number’
     An integer is required as parameter.  Finds next trace frame that
     corresponds to tracepoint with the specified number.

‘pc’
     An address is required as parameter.  Finds next trace frame that
     corresponds to any tracepoint at the specified address.

‘pc-inside-range’
     Two addresses are required as parameters.  Finds next trace frame
     that corresponds to a tracepoint at an address inside the specified
     range.  Both bounds are considered to be inside the range.

‘pc-outside-range’
     Two addresses are required as parameters.  Finds next trace frame
     that corresponds to a tracepoint at an address outside the
     specified range.  Both bounds are considered to be inside the
     range.

‘line’
     Location specification is required as parameter.  *Note Location
     Specifications::.  Finds next trace frame that corresponds to a
     tracepoint at the specified location.

   If ‘none’ was passed as MODE, the response does not have fields.
Otherwise, the response may have the following fields:

‘found’
     This field has either ‘0’ or ‘1’ as the value, depending on whether
     a matching tracepoint was found.

‘traceframe’
     The index of the found traceframe.  This field is present iff the
     ‘found’ field has value of ‘1’.

‘tracepoint’
     The index of the found tracepoint.  This field is present iff the
     ‘found’ field has value of ‘1’.

‘frame’
     The information about the frame corresponding to the found trace
     frame.  This field is present only if a trace frame was found.
     *Note GDB/MI Frame Information::, for description of this field.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘tfind’.

The ‘-trace-define-variable’ Command
------------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -trace-define-variable NAME [ VALUE ]

   Create trace variable NAME if it does not exist.  If VALUE is
specified, sets the initial value of the specified trace variable to
that value.  Note that the NAME should start with the ‘$’ character.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘tvariable’.

The ‘-trace-frame-collected’ Command
------------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -trace-frame-collected
         [--var-print-values VAR_PVAL]
         [--comp-print-values COMP_PVAL]
         [--registers-format REGFORMAT]
         [--memory-contents]

   This command returns the set of collected objects, register names,
trace state variable names, memory ranges and computed expressions that
have been collected at a particular trace frame.  The optional
parameters to the command affect the output format in different ways.
See the output description table below for more details.

   The reported names can be used in the normal manner to create varobjs
and inspect the objects themselves.  The items returned by this command
are categorized so that it is clear which is a variable, which is a
register, which is a trace state variable, which is a memory range and
which is a computed expression.

   For instance, if the actions were
     collect myVar, myArray[myIndex], myObj.field, myPtr->field, myCount + 2
     collect *(int*)0xaf02bef0@40

the object collected in its entirety would be ‘myVar’.  The object
‘myArray’ would be partially collected, because only the element at
index ‘myIndex’ would be collected.  The remaining objects would be
computed expressions.

   An example output would be:

     (gdb)
     -trace-frame-collected
     ^done,
       explicit-variables=[{name="myVar",value="1"}],
       computed-expressions=[{name="myArray[myIndex]",value="0"},
                             {name="myObj.field",value="0"},
                             {name="myPtr->field",value="1"},
                             {name="myCount + 2",value="3"},
                             {name="$tvar1 + 1",value="43970027"}],
       registers=[{number="0",value="0x7fe2c6e79ec8"},
                  {number="1",value="0x0"},
                  {number="2",value="0x4"},
                  ...
                  {number="125",value="0x0"}],
       tvars=[{name="$tvar1",current="43970026"}],
       memory=[{address="0x0000000000602264",length="4"},
               {address="0x0000000000615bc0",length="4"}]
     (gdb)

   Where:

‘explicit-variables’
     The set of objects that have been collected in their entirety (as
     opposed to collecting just a few elements of an array or a few
     struct members).  For each object, its name and value are printed.
     The ‘--var-print-values’ option affects how or whether the value
     field is output.  If VAR_PVAL is 0, then print only the names; if
     it is 1, print also their values; and if it is 2, print the name,
     type and value for simple data types, and the name and type for
     arrays, structures and unions.

‘computed-expressions’
     The set of computed expressions that have been collected at the
     current trace frame.  The ‘--comp-print-values’ option affects this
     set like the ‘--var-print-values’ option affects the
     ‘explicit-variables’ set.  See above.

‘registers’
     The registers that have been collected at the current trace frame.
     For each register collected, the name and current value are
     returned.  The value is formatted according to the
     ‘--registers-format’ option.  See the ‘-data-list-register-values’
     command for a list of the allowed formats.  The default is ‘x’.

‘tvars’
     The trace state variables that have been collected at the current
     trace frame.  For each trace state variable collected, the name and
     current value are returned.

‘memory’
     The set of memory ranges that have been collected at the current
     trace frame.  Its content is a list of tuples.  Each tuple
     represents a collected memory range and has the following fields:

     ‘address’
          The start address of the memory range, as hexadecimal literal.

     ‘length’
          The length of the memory range, as decimal literal.

     ‘contents’
          The contents of the memory block, in hex.  This field is only
          present if the ‘--memory-contents’ option is specified.

GDB Command
...........

There is no corresponding GDB command.

Example
.......

The ‘-trace-list-variables’ Command
-----------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -trace-list-variables

   Return a table of all defined trace variables.  Each element of the
table has the following fields:

‘name’
     The name of the trace variable.  This field is always present.

‘initial’
     The initial value.  This is a 64-bit signed integer.  This field is
     always present.

‘current’
     The value the trace variable has at the moment.  This is a 64-bit
     signed integer.  This field is absent iff current value is not
     defined, for example if the trace was never run, or is presently
     running.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘tvariables’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -trace-list-variables
     ^done,trace-variables={nr_rows="1",nr_cols="3",
     hdr=[{width="15",alignment="-1",col_name="name",colhdr="Name"},
          {width="11",alignment="-1",col_name="initial",colhdr="Initial"},
          {width="11",alignment="-1",col_name="current",colhdr="Current"}],
     body=[variable={name="$trace_timestamp",initial="0"}
           variable={name="$foo",initial="10",current="15"}]}
     (gdb)

The ‘-trace-save’ Command
-------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -trace-save [ -r ] [ -ctf ] FILENAME

   Saves the collected trace data to FILENAME.  Without the ‘-r’ option,
the data is downloaded from the target and saved in a local file.  With
the ‘-r’ option the target is asked to perform the save.

   By default, this command will save the trace in the tfile format.
You can supply the optional ‘-ctf’ argument to save it the CTF format.
See *note Trace Files:: for more information about CTF.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘tsave’.

The ‘-trace-start’ Command
--------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -trace-start

   Starts a tracing experiment.  The result of this command does not
have any fields.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘tstart’.

The ‘-trace-status’ Command
---------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -trace-status

   Obtains the status of a tracing experiment.  The result may include
the following fields:

‘supported’
     May have a value of either ‘0’, when no tracing operations are
     supported, ‘1’, when all tracing operations are supported, or
     ‘file’ when examining trace file.  In the latter case, examining of
     trace frame is possible but new tracing experiment cannot be
     started.  This field is always present.

‘running’
     May have a value of either ‘0’ or ‘1’ depending on whether tracing
     experiment is in progress on target.  This field is present if
     ‘supported’ field is not ‘0’.

‘stop-reason’
     Report the reason why the tracing was stopped last time.  This
     field may be absent iff tracing was never stopped on target yet.
     The value of ‘request’ means the tracing was stopped as result of
     the ‘-trace-stop’ command.  The value of ‘overflow’ means the
     tracing buffer is full.  The value of ‘disconnection’ means tracing
     was automatically stopped when GDB has disconnected.  The value of
     ‘passcount’ means tracing was stopped when a tracepoint was passed
     a maximal number of times for that tracepoint.  This field is
     present if ‘supported’ field is not ‘0’.

‘stopping-tracepoint’
     The number of tracepoint whose passcount as exceeded.  This field
     is present iff the ‘stop-reason’ field has the value of
     ‘passcount’.

‘frames’
‘frames-created’
     The ‘frames’ field is a count of the total number of trace frames
     in the trace buffer, while ‘frames-created’ is the total created
     during the run, including ones that were discarded, such as when a
     circular trace buffer filled up.  Both fields are optional.

‘buffer-size’
‘buffer-free’
     These fields tell the current size of the tracing buffer and the
     remaining space.  These fields are optional.

‘circular’
     The value of the circular trace buffer flag.  ‘1’ means that the
     trace buffer is circular and old trace frames will be discarded if
     necessary to make room, ‘0’ means that the trace buffer is linear
     and may fill up.

‘disconnected’
     The value of the disconnected tracing flag.  ‘1’ means that tracing
     will continue after GDB disconnects, ‘0’ means that the trace run
     will stop.

‘trace-file’
     The filename of the trace file being examined.  This field is
     optional, and only present when examining a trace file.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘tstatus’.

The ‘-trace-stop’ Command
-------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -trace-stop

   Stops a tracing experiment.  The result of this command has the same
fields as ‘-trace-status’, except that the ‘supported’ and ‘running’
fields are not output.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘tstop’.


File: gdb.info,  Node: GDB/MI Symbol Query,  Next: GDB/MI File Commands,  Prev: GDB/MI Tracepoint Commands,  Up: GDB/MI

27.18 GDB/MI Symbol Query Commands
==================================

The ‘-symbol-info-functions’ Command
------------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -symbol-info-functions [--include-nondebug]
                             [--type TYPE_REGEXP]
                             [--name NAME_REGEXP]
                             [--max-results LIMIT]

Return a list containing the names and types for all global functions
taken from the debug information.  The functions are grouped by source
file, and shown with the line number on which each function is defined.

   The ‘--include-nondebug’ option causes the output to include code
symbols from the symbol table.

   The options ‘--type’ and ‘--name’ allow the symbols returned to be
filtered based on either the name of the function, or the type signature
of the function.

   The option ‘--max-results’ restricts the command to return no more
than LIMIT results.  If exactly LIMIT results are returned then there
might be additional results available if a higher limit is used.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘info functions’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -symbol-info-functions
     ^done,symbols=
       {debug=
         [{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           symbols=[{line="36", name="f4", type="void (int *)",
                     description="void f4(int *);"},
                    {line="42", name="main", type="int ()",
                     description="int main();"},
                    {line="30", name="f1", type="my_int_t (int, int)",
                     description="static my_int_t f1(int, int);"}]},
          {filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
           symbols=[{line="33", name="f2", type="float (another_float_t)",
                     description="float f2(another_float_t);"},
                    {line="39", name="f3", type="int (another_int_t)",
                     description="int f3(another_int_t);"},
                    {line="27", name="f1", type="another_float_t (int)",
                     description="static another_float_t f1(int);"}]}]}
     (gdb)
     -symbol-info-functions --name f1
     ^done,symbols=
       {debug=
         [{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           symbols=[{line="30", name="f1", type="my_int_t (int, int)",
                     description="static my_int_t f1(int, int);"}]},
          {filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
           symbols=[{line="27", name="f1", type="another_float_t (int)",
                     description="static another_float_t f1(int);"}]}]}
     (gdb)
     -symbol-info-functions --type void
     ^done,symbols=
       {debug=
         [{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           symbols=[{line="36", name="f4", type="void (int *)",
                     description="void f4(int *);"}]}]}
     (gdb)
     -symbol-info-functions --include-nondebug
     ^done,symbols=
       {debug=
         [{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           symbols=[{line="36", name="f4", type="void (int *)",
                     description="void f4(int *);"},
                    {line="42", name="main", type="int ()",
                     description="int main();"},
                    {line="30", name="f1", type="my_int_t (int, int)",
                     description="static my_int_t f1(int, int);"}]},
          {filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
           symbols=[{line="33", name="f2", type="float (another_float_t)",
                     description="float f2(another_float_t);"},
                    {line="39", name="f3", type="int (another_int_t)",
                     description="int f3(another_int_t);"},
                    {line="27", name="f1", type="another_float_t (int)",
                     description="static another_float_t f1(int);"}]}],
        nondebug=
         [{address="0x0000000000400398",name="_init"},
          {address="0x00000000004003b0",name="_start"},
           ...
         ]}

The ‘-symbol-info-module-functions’ Command
-------------------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -symbol-info-module-functions [--module MODULE_REGEXP]
                                    [--name NAME_REGEXP]
                                    [--type TYPE_REGEXP]

Return a list containing the names of all known functions within all
know Fortran modules.  The functions are grouped by source file and
containing module, and shown with the line number on which each function
is defined.

   The option ‘--module’ only returns results for modules matching
MODULE_REGEXP.  The option ‘--name’ only returns functions whose name
matches NAME_REGEXP, and ‘--type’ only returns functions whose type
matches TYPE_REGEXP.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘info module functions’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -symbol-info-module-functions
     ^done,symbols=
       [{module="mod1",
         files=[{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules-2.f90",
                 fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules-2.f90",
                 symbols=[{line="21",name="mod1::check_all",type="void (void)",
                           description="void mod1::check_all(void);"}]}]},
         {module="mod2",
          files=[{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules-2.f90",
                  fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules-2.f90",
                  symbols=[{line="30",name="mod2::check_var_i",type="void (void)",
                            description="void mod2::check_var_i(void);"}]}]},
         {module="mod3",
          files=[{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
                  fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
                  symbols=[{line="21",name="mod3::check_all",type="void (void)",
                            description="void mod3::check_all(void);"},
                           {line="27",name="mod3::check_mod2",type="void (void)",
                            description="void mod3::check_mod2(void);"}]}]},
         {module="modmany",
          files=[{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
                  fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
                  symbols=[{line="35",name="modmany::check_some",type="void (void)",
                            description="void modmany::check_some(void);"}]}]},
         {module="moduse",
          files=[{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
                  fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
                  symbols=[{line="44",name="moduse::check_all",type="void (void)",
                            description="void moduse::check_all(void);"},
                           {line="49",name="moduse::check_var_x",type="void (void)",
                            description="void moduse::check_var_x(void);"}]}]}]

The ‘-symbol-info-module-variables’ Command
-------------------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -symbol-info-module-variables [--module MODULE_REGEXP]
                                    [--name NAME_REGEXP]
                                    [--type TYPE_REGEXP]

Return a list containing the names of all known variables within all
know Fortran modules.  The variables are grouped by source file and
containing module, and shown with the line number on which each variable
is defined.

   The option ‘--module’ only returns results for modules matching
MODULE_REGEXP.  The option ‘--name’ only returns variables whose name
matches NAME_REGEXP, and ‘--type’ only returns variables whose type
matches TYPE_REGEXP.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘info module variables’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -symbol-info-module-variables
     ^done,symbols=
       [{module="mod1",
         files=[{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules-2.f90",
                 fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules-2.f90",
                 symbols=[{line="18",name="mod1::var_const",type="integer(kind=4)",
                           description="integer(kind=4) mod1::var_const;"},
                          {line="17",name="mod1::var_i",type="integer(kind=4)",
                           description="integer(kind=4) mod1::var_i;"}]}]},
        {module="mod2",
         files=[{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules-2.f90",
                 fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules-2.f90",
                 symbols=[{line="28",name="mod2::var_i",type="integer(kind=4)",
                           description="integer(kind=4) mod2::var_i;"}]}]},
        {module="mod3",
         files=[{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
                 fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
                 symbols=[{line="18",name="mod3::mod1",type="integer(kind=4)",
                           description="integer(kind=4) mod3::mod1;"},
                          {line="17",name="mod3::mod2",type="integer(kind=4)",
                           description="integer(kind=4) mod3::mod2;"},
                          {line="19",name="mod3::var_i",type="integer(kind=4)",
                           description="integer(kind=4) mod3::var_i;"}]}]},
        {module="modmany",
         files=[{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
                 fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
                 symbols=[{line="33",name="modmany::var_a",type="integer(kind=4)",
                           description="integer(kind=4) modmany::var_a;"},
                          {line="33",name="modmany::var_b",type="integer(kind=4)",
                           description="integer(kind=4) modmany::var_b;"},
                          {line="33",name="modmany::var_c",type="integer(kind=4)",
                           description="integer(kind=4) modmany::var_c;"},
                          {line="33",name="modmany::var_i",type="integer(kind=4)",
                           description="integer(kind=4) modmany::var_i;"}]}]},
        {module="moduse",
         files=[{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
                 fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
                 symbols=[{line="42",name="moduse::var_x",type="integer(kind=4)",
                           description="integer(kind=4) moduse::var_x;"},
                          {line="42",name="moduse::var_y",type="integer(kind=4)",
                           description="integer(kind=4) moduse::var_y;"}]}]}]

The ‘-symbol-info-modules’ Command
----------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -symbol-info-modules [--name NAME_REGEXP]
                           [--max-results LIMIT]


Return a list containing the names of all known Fortran modules.  The
modules are grouped by source file, and shown with the line number on
which each modules is defined.

   The option ‘--name’ allows the modules returned to be filtered based
the name of the module.

   The option ‘--max-results’ restricts the command to return no more
than LIMIT results.  If exactly LIMIT results are returned then there
might be additional results available if a higher limit is used.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘info modules’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -symbol-info-modules
     ^done,symbols=
       {debug=
         [{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules-2.f90",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules-2.f90",
           symbols=[{line="16",name="mod1"},
                    {line="22",name="mod2"}]},
          {filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
           symbols=[{line="16",name="mod3"},
                    {line="22",name="modmany"},
                    {line="26",name="moduse"}]}]}
     (gdb)
     -symbol-info-modules --name mod[123]
     ^done,symbols=
       {debug=
         [{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules-2.f90",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules-2.f90",
           symbols=[{line="16",name="mod1"},
                    {line="22",name="mod2"}]},
          {filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-fortran-modules.f90",
           symbols=[{line="16",name="mod3"}]}]}

The ‘-symbol-info-types’ Command
--------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -symbol-info-types [--name NAME_REGEXP]
                         [--max-results LIMIT]


Return a list of all defined types.  The types are grouped by source
file, and shown with the line number on which each user defined type is
defined.  Some base types are not defined in the source code but are
added to the debug information by the compiler, for example ‘int’,
‘float’, etc.; these types do not have an associated line number.

   The option ‘--name’ allows the list of types returned to be filtered
by name.

   The option ‘--max-results’ restricts the command to return no more
than LIMIT results.  If exactly LIMIT results are returned then there
might be additional results available if a higher limit is used.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘info types’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -symbol-info-types
     ^done,symbols=
       {debug=
          [{filename="gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
            fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
            symbols=[{name="float"},
                     {name="int"},
                     {line="27",name="typedef int my_int_t;"}]},
           {filename="gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
            fullname="/project/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
            symbols=[{line="24",name="typedef float another_float_t;"},
                     {line="23",name="typedef int another_int_t;"},
                     {name="float"},
                     {name="int"}]}]}
     (gdb)
     -symbol-info-types --name _int_
     ^done,symbols=
       {debug=
          [{filename="gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
            fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
            symbols=[{line="27",name="typedef int my_int_t;"}]},
           {filename="gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
            fullname="/project/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
            symbols=[{line="23",name="typedef int another_int_t;"}]}]}

The ‘-symbol-info-variables’ Command
------------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -symbol-info-variables [--include-nondebug]
                             [--type TYPE_REGEXP]
                             [--name NAME_REGEXP]
                             [--max-results LIMIT]


Return a list containing the names and types for all global variables
taken from the debug information.  The variables are grouped by source
file, and shown with the line number on which each variable is defined.

   The ‘--include-nondebug’ option causes the output to include data
symbols from the symbol table.

   The options ‘--type’ and ‘--name’ allow the symbols returned to be
filtered based on either the name of the variable, or the type of the
variable.

   The option ‘--max-results’ restricts the command to return no more
than LIMIT results.  If exactly LIMIT results are returned then there
might be additional results available if a higher limit is used.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘info variables’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -symbol-info-variables
     ^done,symbols=
       {debug=
         [{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           symbols=[{line="25",name="global_f1",type="float",
                     description="static float global_f1;"},
                    {line="24",name="global_i1",type="int",
                     description="static int global_i1;"}]},
          {filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
           symbols=[{line="21",name="global_f2",type="int",
                     description="int global_f2;"},
                    {line="20",name="global_i2",type="int",
                     description="int global_i2;"},
                    {line="19",name="global_f1",type="float",
                     description="static float global_f1;"},
                    {line="18",name="global_i1",type="int",
                     description="static int global_i1;"}]}]}
     (gdb)
     -symbol-info-variables --name f1
     ^done,symbols=
       {debug=
         [{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           symbols=[{line="25",name="global_f1",type="float",
                     description="static float global_f1;"}]},
          {filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
           symbols=[{line="19",name="global_f1",type="float",
                     description="static float global_f1;"}]}]}
     (gdb)
     -symbol-info-variables --type float
     ^done,symbols=
       {debug=
         [{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           symbols=[{line="25",name="global_f1",type="float",
                     description="static float global_f1;"}]},
          {filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
           symbols=[{line="19",name="global_f1",type="float",
                     description="static float global_f1;"}]}]}
     (gdb)
     -symbol-info-variables --include-nondebug
     ^done,symbols=
       {debug=
         [{filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-1.c",
           symbols=[{line="25",name="global_f1",type="float",
                     description="static float global_f1;"},
                    {line="24",name="global_i1",type="int",
                     description="static int global_i1;"}]},
          {filename="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
           fullname="/project/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/mi-sym-info-2.c",
           symbols=[{line="21",name="global_f2",type="int",
                     description="int global_f2;"},
                    {line="20",name="global_i2",type="int",
                     description="int global_i2;"},
                    {line="19",name="global_f1",type="float",
                     description="static float global_f1;"},
                    {line="18",name="global_i1",type="int",
                     description="static int global_i1;"}]}],
        nondebug=
         [{address="0x00000000004005d0",name="_IO_stdin_used"},
          {address="0x00000000004005d8",name="__dso_handle"}
           ...
         ]}

The ‘-symbol-list-lines’ Command
--------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -symbol-list-lines FILENAME

   Print the list of lines that contain code and their associated
program addresses for the given source filename.  The entries are sorted
in ascending PC order.

GDB Command
...........

There is no corresponding GDB command.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -symbol-list-lines basics.c
     ^done,lines=[{pc="0x08048554",line="7"},{pc="0x0804855a",line="8"}]
     (gdb)


File: gdb.info,  Node: GDB/MI File Commands,  Next: GDB/MI Target Manipulation,  Prev: GDB/MI Symbol Query,  Up: GDB/MI

27.19 GDB/MI File Commands
==========================

This section describes the GDB/MI commands to specify executable file
names and to read in and obtain symbol table information.

The ‘-file-exec-and-symbols’ Command
------------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -file-exec-and-symbols FILE

   Specify the executable file to be debugged.  This file is the one
from which the symbol table is also read.  If no file is specified, the
command clears the executable and symbol information.  If breakpoints
are set when using this command with no arguments, GDB will produce
error messages.  Otherwise, no output is produced, except a completion
notification.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘file’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -file-exec-and-symbols /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx
     ^done
     (gdb)

The ‘-file-exec-file’ Command
-----------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -file-exec-file FILE

   Specify the executable file to be debugged.  Unlike
‘-file-exec-and-symbols’, the symbol table is _not_ read from this file.
If used without argument, GDB clears the information about the
executable file.  No output is produced, except a completion
notification.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘exec-file’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -file-exec-file /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx
     ^done
     (gdb)

The ‘-file-list-exec-source-file’ Command
-----------------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -file-list-exec-source-file

   List the line number, the current source file, and the absolute path
to the current source file for the current executable.  The macro
information field has a value of ‘1’ or ‘0’ depending on whether or not
the file includes preprocessor macro information.

GDB Command
...........

The GDB equivalent is ‘info source’

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     123-file-list-exec-source-file
     123^done,line="1",file="foo.c",fullname="/home/bar/foo.c,macro-info="1"
     (gdb)

The ‘-file-list-exec-source-files’ Command
------------------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -file-list-exec-source-files [ --GROUP-BY-OBJFILE ]
                                   [ --DIRNAME | --BASENAME ]
                                   [ -- ]
                                   [ REGEXP ]

   This command returns information about the source files GDB knows
about, it will output both the filename and fullname (absolute file
name) of a source file, though the fullname can be elided if this
information is not known to GDB.

   With no arguments this command returns a list of source files.  Each
source file is represented by a tuple with the fields; FILE, FULLNAME,
and DEBUG-FULLY-READ.  The FILE is the display name for the file, while
FULLNAME is the absolute name of the file.  The FULLNAME field can be
elided if the absolute name of the source file can't be computed.  The
field DEBUG-FULLY-READ will be a string, either ‘true’ or ‘false’.  When
‘true’, this indicates the full debug information for the compilation
unit describing this file has been read in.  When ‘false’, the full
debug information has not yet been read in.  While reading in the full
debug information it is possible that GDB could become aware of
additional source files.

   The optional REGEXP can be used to filter the list of source files
returned.  The REGEXP will be matched against the full source file name.
The matching is case-sensitive, except on operating systems that have
case-insensitive filesystem (e.g., MS-Windows).  ‘--’ can be used before
REGEXP to prevent GDB interpreting REGEXP as a command option (e.g. if
REGEXP starts with ‘-’).

   If ‘--dirname’ is provided, then REGEXP is matched only against the
directory name of each source file.  If ‘--basename’ is provided, then
REGEXP is matched against the basename of each source file.  Only one of
‘--dirname’ or ‘--basename’ may be given, and if either is given then
REGEXP is required.

   If ‘--group-by-objfile’ is used then the format of the results is
changed.  The results will now be a list of tuples, with each tuple
representing an object file (executable or shared library) loaded into
GDB.  The fields of these tuples are; FILENAME, DEBUG-INFO, and SOURCES.
The FILENAME is the absolute name of the object file, DEBUG-INFO is a
string with one of the following values:

‘none’
     This object file has no debug information.
‘partially-read’
     This object file has debug information, but it is not fully read in
     yet.  When it is read in later, GDB might become aware of
     additional source files.
‘fully-read’
     This object file has debug information, and this information is
     fully read into GDB. The list of source files is complete.

   The SOURCES is a list or tuples, with each tuple describing a single
source file with the same fields as described previously.  The SOURCES
list can be empty for object files that have no debug information.

GDB Command
...........

The GDB equivalent is ‘info sources’.  ‘gdbtk’ has an analogous command
‘gdb_listfiles’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -file-list-exec-source-files
     ^done,files=[{file="foo.c",fullname="/home/foo.c",debug-fully-read="true"},
                  {file="/home/bar.c",fullname="/home/bar.c",debug-fully-read="true"},
                  {file="gdb_could_not_find_fullpath.c",debug-fully-read="true"}]
     (gdb)
     -file-list-exec-source-files
     ^done,files=[{file="test.c",
                   fullname="/tmp/info-sources/test.c",
                   debug-fully-read="true"},
                  {file="/usr/include/stdc-predef.h",
                   fullname="/usr/include/stdc-predef.h",
                   debug-fully-read="true"},
                  {file="header.h",
                   fullname="/tmp/info-sources/header.h",
                   debug-fully-read="true"},
                  {file="helper.c",
                   fullname="/tmp/info-sources/helper.c",
                   debug-fully-read="true"}]
     (gdb)
     -file-list-exec-source-files -- \\.c
     ^done,files=[{file="test.c",
                   fullname="/tmp/info-sources/test.c",
                   debug-fully-read="true"},
                  {file="helper.c",
                   fullname="/tmp/info-sources/helper.c",
                   debug-fully-read="true"}]
     (gdb)
     -file-list-exec-source-files --group-by-objfile
     ^done,files=[{filename="/tmp/info-sources/test.x",
                   debug-info="fully-read",
                   sources=[{file="test.c",
                             fullname="/tmp/info-sources/test.c",
                             debug-fully-read="true"},
                            {file="/usr/include/stdc-predef.h",
                             fullname="/usr/include/stdc-predef.h",
                             debug-fully-read="true"},
                            {file="header.h",
                             fullname="/tmp/info-sources/header.h",
                             debug-fully-read="true"}]},
                  {filename="/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2",
                   debug-info="none",
                   sources=[]},
                  {filename="system-supplied DSO at 0x7ffff7fcf000",
                   debug-info="none",
                   sources=[]},
                  {filename="/tmp/info-sources/libhelper.so",
                   debug-info="fully-read",
                   sources=[{file="helper.c",
                             fullname="/tmp/info-sources/helper.c",
                             debug-fully-read="true"},
                            {file="/usr/include/stdc-predef.h",
                             fullname="/usr/include/stdc-predef.h",
                             debug-fully-read="true"},
                            {file="header.h",
                             fullname="/tmp/info-sources/header.h",
                             debug-fully-read="true"}]},
                  {filename="/lib64/libc.so.6",
                   debug-info="none",
                   sources=[]}]

The ‘-file-list-shared-libraries’ Command
-----------------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -file-list-shared-libraries [ REGEXP ]

   List the shared libraries in the program.  With a regular expression
REGEXP, only those libraries whose names match REGEXP are listed.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘info shared’.  The fields have a
similar meaning to the ‘=library-loaded’ notification.  The ‘ranges’
field specifies the multiple segments belonging to this library.  Each
range has the following fields:

‘from’
     The address defining the inclusive lower bound of the segment.
‘to’
     The address defining the exclusive upper bound of the segment.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -file-list-exec-source-files
     ^done,shared-libraries=[
     {id="/lib/libfoo.so",target-name="/lib/libfoo.so",host-name="/lib/libfoo.so",symbols-loaded="1",thread-group="i1",ranges=[{from="0x72815989",to="0x728162c0"}]},
     {id="/lib/libbar.so",target-name="/lib/libbar.so",host-name="/lib/libbar.so",symbols-loaded="1",thread-group="i1",ranges=[{from="0x76ee48c0",to="0x76ee9160"}]}]
     (gdb)

The ‘-file-symbol-file’ Command
-------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -file-symbol-file FILE

   Read symbol table info from the specified FILE argument.  When used
without arguments, clears GDB's symbol table info.  No output is
produced, except for a completion notification.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘symbol-file’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -file-symbol-file /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx
     ^done
     (gdb)


File: gdb.info,  Node: GDB/MI Target Manipulation,  Next: GDB/MI File Transfer Commands,  Prev: GDB/MI File Commands,  Up: GDB/MI

27.20 GDB/MI Target Manipulation Commands
=========================================

The ‘-target-attach’ Command
----------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -target-attach PID | GID | FILE

   Attach to a process PID or a file FILE outside of GDB, or a thread
group GID.  If attaching to a thread group, the id previously returned
by ‘-list-thread-groups --available’ must be used.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘attach’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -target-attach 34
     =thread-created,id="1"
     *stopped,thread-id="1",frame={addr="0xb7f7e410",func="bar",args=[]}
     ^done
     (gdb)

The ‘-target-detach’ Command
----------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -target-detach [ PID | GID ]

   Detach from the remote target which normally resumes its execution.
If either PID or GID is specified, detaches from either the specified
process, or specified thread group.  There's no output.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘detach’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -target-detach
     ^done
     (gdb)

The ‘-target-disconnect’ Command
--------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -target-disconnect

   Disconnect from the remote target.  There's no output and the target
is generally not resumed.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘disconnect’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -target-disconnect
     ^done
     (gdb)

The ‘-target-download’ Command
------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -target-download

   Loads the executable onto the remote target.  It prints out an update
message every half second, which includes the fields:

‘section’
     The name of the section.
‘section-sent’
     The size of what has been sent so far for that section.
‘section-size’
     The size of the section.
‘total-sent’
     The total size of what was sent so far (the current and the
     previous sections).
‘total-size’
     The size of the overall executable to download.

Each message is sent as status record (*note GDB/MI Output Syntax:
GDB/MI Output Syntax.).

   In addition, it prints the name and size of the sections, as they are
downloaded.  These messages include the following fields:

‘section’
     The name of the section.
‘section-size’
     The size of the section.
‘total-size’
     The size of the overall executable to download.

At the end, a summary is printed.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘load’.

Example
.......

Note: each status message appears on a single line.  Here the messages
have been broken down so that they can fit onto a page.

     (gdb)
     -target-download
     +download,{section=".text",section-size="6668",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".text",section-sent="512",section-size="6668",
     total-sent="512",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".text",section-sent="1024",section-size="6668",
     total-sent="1024",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".text",section-sent="1536",section-size="6668",
     total-sent="1536",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".text",section-sent="2048",section-size="6668",
     total-sent="2048",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".text",section-sent="2560",section-size="6668",
     total-sent="2560",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".text",section-sent="3072",section-size="6668",
     total-sent="3072",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".text",section-sent="3584",section-size="6668",
     total-sent="3584",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".text",section-sent="4096",section-size="6668",
     total-sent="4096",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".text",section-sent="4608",section-size="6668",
     total-sent="4608",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".text",section-sent="5120",section-size="6668",
     total-sent="5120",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".text",section-sent="5632",section-size="6668",
     total-sent="5632",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".text",section-sent="6144",section-size="6668",
     total-sent="6144",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".text",section-sent="6656",section-size="6668",
     total-sent="6656",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".init",section-size="28",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".fini",section-size="28",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".data",section-size="3156",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".data",section-sent="512",section-size="3156",
     total-sent="7236",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".data",section-sent="1024",section-size="3156",
     total-sent="7748",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".data",section-sent="1536",section-size="3156",
     total-sent="8260",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".data",section-sent="2048",section-size="3156",
     total-sent="8772",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".data",section-sent="2560",section-size="3156",
     total-sent="9284",total-size="9880"}
     +download,{section=".data",section-sent="3072",section-size="3156",
     total-sent="9796",total-size="9880"}
     ^done,address="0x10004",load-size="9880",transfer-rate="6586",
     write-rate="429"
     (gdb)

GDB Command
...........

No equivalent.

Example
.......

N.A.

The ‘-target-flash-erase’ Command
---------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -target-flash-erase

   Erases all known flash memory regions on the target.

   The corresponding GDB command is ‘flash-erase’.

   The output is a list of flash regions that have been erased, with
starting addresses and memory region sizes.

     (gdb)
     -target-flash-erase
     ^done,erased-regions={address="0x0",size="0x40000"}
     (gdb)

The ‘-target-select’ Command
----------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -target-select TYPE PARAMETERS ...

   Connect GDB to the remote target.  This command takes two args:

‘TYPE’
     The type of target, for instance ‘remote’, etc.
‘PARAMETERS’
     Device names, host names and the like.  *Note Commands for Managing
     Targets: Target Commands, for more details.

   The output is a connection notification, followed by the address at
which the target program is, in the following form:

     ^connected,addr="ADDRESS",func="FUNCTION NAME",
       args=[ARG LIST]

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘target’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -target-select remote /dev/ttya
     ^connected,addr="0xfe00a300",func="??",args=[]
     (gdb)


File: gdb.info,  Node: GDB/MI File Transfer Commands,  Next: GDB/MI Ada Exceptions Commands,  Prev: GDB/MI Target Manipulation,  Up: GDB/MI

27.21 GDB/MI File Transfer Commands
===================================

The ‘-target-file-put’ Command
------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -target-file-put HOSTFILE TARGETFILE

   Copy file HOSTFILE from the host system (the machine running GDB) to
TARGETFILE on the target system.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘remote put’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -target-file-put localfile remotefile
     ^done
     (gdb)

The ‘-target-file-get’ Command
------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -target-file-get TARGETFILE HOSTFILE

   Copy file TARGETFILE from the target system to HOSTFILE on the host
system.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘remote get’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -target-file-get remotefile localfile
     ^done
     (gdb)

The ‘-target-file-delete’ Command
---------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -target-file-delete TARGETFILE

   Delete TARGETFILE from the target system.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘remote delete’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -target-file-delete remotefile
     ^done
     (gdb)


File: gdb.info,  Node: GDB/MI Ada Exceptions Commands,  Next: GDB/MI Support Commands,  Prev: GDB/MI File Transfer Commands,  Up: GDB/MI

27.22 Ada Exceptions GDB/MI Commands
====================================

The ‘-info-ada-exceptions’ Command
----------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -info-ada-exceptions [ REGEXP]

   List all Ada exceptions defined within the program being debugged.
With a regular expression REGEXP, only those exceptions whose names
match REGEXP are listed.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘info exceptions’.

Result
......

The result is a table of Ada exceptions.  The following columns are
defined for each exception:

‘name’
     The name of the exception.

‘address’
     The address of the exception.

Example
.......

     -info-ada-exceptions aint
     ^done,ada-exceptions={nr_rows="2",nr_cols="2",
     hdr=[{width="1",alignment="-1",col_name="name",colhdr="Name"},
     {width="1",alignment="-1",col_name="address",colhdr="Address"}],
     body=[{name="constraint_error",address="0x0000000000613da0"},
     {name="const.aint_global_e",address="0x0000000000613b00"}]}

Catching Ada Exceptions
-----------------------

The commands describing how to ask GDB to stop when a program raises an
exception are described at *note Ada Exception GDB/MI Catchpoint
Commands::.


File: gdb.info,  Node: GDB/MI Support Commands,  Next: GDB/MI Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: GDB/MI Ada Exceptions Commands,  Up: GDB/MI

27.23 GDB/MI Support Commands
=============================

Since new commands and features get regularly added to GDB/MI, some
commands are available to help front-ends query the debugger about
support for these capabilities.  Similarly, it is also possible to query
GDB about target support of certain features.

The ‘-info-gdb-mi-command’ Command
----------------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -info-gdb-mi-command CMD_NAME

   Query support for the GDB/MI command named CMD_NAME.

   Note that the dash (‘-’) starting all GDB/MI commands is technically
not part of the command name (*note GDB/MI Input Syntax::), and thus
should be omitted in CMD_NAME.  However, for ease of use, this command
also accepts the form with the leading dash.

GDB Command
...........

There is no corresponding GDB command.

Result
......

The result is a tuple.  There is currently only one field:

‘exists’
     This field is equal to ‘"true"’ if the GDB/MI command exists,
     ‘"false"’ otherwise.

Example
.......

Here is an example where the GDB/MI command does not exist:

     -info-gdb-mi-command unsupported-command
     ^done,command={exists="false"}

And here is an example where the GDB/MI command is known to the
debugger:

     -info-gdb-mi-command symbol-list-lines
     ^done,command={exists="true"}

The ‘-list-features’ Command
----------------------------

Returns a list of particular features of the MI protocol that this
version of gdb implements.  A feature can be a command, or a new field
in an output of some command, or even an important bugfix.  While a
frontend can sometimes detect presence of a feature at runtime, it is
easier to perform detection at debugger startup.

   The command returns a list of strings, with each string naming an
available feature.  Each returned string is just a name, it does not
have any internal structure.  The list of possible feature names is
given below.

   Example output:

     (gdb) -list-features
     ^done,features=["feature1","feature2"]

   The current list of features is:

‘frozen-varobjs’
     Indicates support for the ‘-var-set-frozen’ command, as well as
     possible presence of the ‘frozen’ field in the output of
     ‘-varobj-create’.
‘pending-breakpoints’
     Indicates support for the ‘-f’ option to the ‘-break-insert’
     command.
‘python’
     Indicates Python scripting support, Python-based pretty-printing
     commands, and possible presence of the ‘display_hint’ field in the
     output of ‘-var-list-children’
‘thread-info’
     Indicates support for the ‘-thread-info’ command.
‘data-read-memory-bytes’
     Indicates support for the ‘-data-read-memory-bytes’ and the
     ‘-data-write-memory-bytes’ commands.
‘breakpoint-notifications’
     Indicates that changes to breakpoints and breakpoints created via
     the CLI will be announced via async records.
‘ada-task-info’
     Indicates support for the ‘-ada-task-info’ command.
‘language-option’
     Indicates that all GDB/MI commands accept the ‘--language’ option
     (*note Context management::).
‘info-gdb-mi-command’
     Indicates support for the ‘-info-gdb-mi-command’ command.
‘undefined-command-error-code’
     Indicates support for the "undefined-command" error code in error
     result records, produced when trying to execute an undefined GDB/MI
     command (*note GDB/MI Result Records::).
‘exec-run-start-option’
     Indicates that the ‘-exec-run’ command supports the ‘--start’
     option (*note GDB/MI Program Execution::).
‘data-disassemble-a-option’
     Indicates that the ‘-data-disassemble’ command supports the ‘-a’
     option (*note GDB/MI Data Manipulation::).
‘simple-values-ref-types’
     Indicates that the ‘--simple-values’ argument to the
     ‘-stack-list-arguments’, ‘-stack-list-locals’,
     ‘-stack-list-variables’, and ‘-var-list-children’ commands takes
     reference types into account: that is, a value is considered simple
     if it is neither an array, structure, or union, nor a reference to
     an array, structure, or union.

The ‘-list-target-features’ Command
-----------------------------------

Returns a list of particular features that are supported by the target.
Those features affect the permitted MI commands, but unlike the features
reported by the ‘-list-features’ command, the features depend on which
target GDB is using at the moment.  Whenever a target can change, due to
commands such as ‘-target-select’, ‘-target-attach’ or ‘-exec-run’, the
list of target features may change, and the frontend should obtain it
again.  Example output:

     (gdb) -list-target-features
     ^done,features=["async"]

   The current list of features is:

‘async’
     Indicates that the target is capable of asynchronous command
     execution, which means that GDB will accept further commands while
     the target is running.

‘reverse’
     Indicates that the target is capable of reverse execution.  *Note
     Reverse Execution::, for more information.


File: gdb.info,  Node: GDB/MI Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: GDB/MI Support Commands,  Up: GDB/MI

27.24 Miscellaneous GDB/MI Commands
===================================

The ‘-gdb-exit’ Command
-----------------------

Synopsis
........

      -gdb-exit

   Exit GDB immediately.

GDB Command
...........

Approximately corresponds to ‘quit’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -gdb-exit
     ^exit

The ‘-gdb-set’ Command
----------------------

Synopsis
........

      -gdb-set

   Set an internal GDB variable.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘set’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -gdb-set $foo=3
     ^done
     (gdb)

The ‘-gdb-show’ Command
-----------------------

Synopsis
........

      -gdb-show

   Show the current value of a GDB variable.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘show’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -gdb-show annotate
     ^done,value="0"
     (gdb)

The ‘-gdb-version’ Command
--------------------------

Synopsis
........

      -gdb-version

   Show version information for GDB.  Used mostly in testing.

GDB Command
...........

The GDB equivalent is ‘show version’.  GDB by default shows this
information when you start an interactive session.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -gdb-version
     ~GNU gdb 5.2.1
     ~Copyright 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     ~GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and
     ~you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under
     ~ certain conditions.
     ~Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
     ~There is absolutely no warranty for GDB.  Type "show warranty" for
     ~ details.
     ~This GDB was configured as
      "--host=sparc-sun-solaris2.5.1 --target=ppc-eabi".
     ^done
     (gdb)

The ‘-list-thread-groups’ Command
---------------------------------

Synopsis
........

     -list-thread-groups [ --available ] [ --recurse 1 ] [ GROUP ... ]

   Lists thread groups (*note Thread groups::).  When a single thread
group is passed as the argument, lists the children of that group.  When
several thread group are passed, lists information about those thread
groups.  Without any parameters, lists information about all top-level
thread groups.

   Normally, thread groups that are being debugged are reported.  With
the ‘--available’ option, GDB reports thread groups available on the
target.

   The output of this command may have either a ‘threads’ result or a
‘groups’ result.  The ‘thread’ result has a list of tuples as value,
with each tuple describing a thread (*note GDB/MI Thread Information::).
The ‘groups’ result has a list of tuples as value, each tuple describing
a thread group.  If top-level groups are requested (that is, no
parameter is passed), or when several groups are passed, the output
always has a ‘groups’ result.  The format of the ‘group’ result is
described below.

   To reduce the number of roundtrips it's possible to list thread
groups together with their children, by passing the ‘--recurse’ option
and the recursion depth.  Presently, only recursion depth of 1 is
permitted.  If this option is present, then every reported thread group
will also include its children, either as ‘group’ or ‘threads’ field.

   In general, any combination of option and parameters is permitted,
with the following caveats:

   • When a single thread group is passed, the output will typically be
     the ‘threads’ result.  Because threads may not contain anything,
     the ‘recurse’ option will be ignored.

   • When the ‘--available’ option is passed, limited information may be
     available.  In particular, the list of threads of a process might
     be inaccessible.  Further, specifying specific thread groups might
     not give any performance advantage over listing all thread groups.
     The frontend should assume that ‘-list-thread-groups --available’
     is always an expensive operation and cache the results.

   The ‘groups’ result is a list of tuples, where each tuple may have
the following fields:

‘id’
     Identifier of the thread group.  This field is always present.  The
     identifier is an opaque string; frontends should not try to convert
     it to an integer, even though it might look like one.

‘type’
     The type of the thread group.  At present, only ‘process’ is a
     valid type.

‘pid’
     The target-specific process identifier.  This field is only present
     for thread groups of type ‘process’ and only if the process exists.

‘exit-code’
     The exit code of this group's last exited thread, formatted in
     octal.  This field is only present for thread groups of type
     ‘process’ and only if the process is not running.

‘num_children’
     The number of children this thread group has.  This field may be
     absent for an available thread group.

‘threads’
     This field has a list of tuples as value, each tuple describing a
     thread.  It may be present if the ‘--recurse’ option is specified,
     and it's actually possible to obtain the threads.

‘cores’
     This field is a list of integers, each identifying a core that one
     thread of the group is running on.  This field may be absent if
     such information is not available.

‘executable’
     The name of the executable file that corresponds to this thread
     group.  The field is only present for thread groups of type
     ‘process’, and only if there is a corresponding executable file.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -list-thread-groups
     ^done,groups=[{id="17",type="process",pid="yyy",num_children="2"}]
     -list-thread-groups 17
     ^done,threads=[{id="2",target-id="Thread 0xb7e14b90 (LWP 21257)",
        frame={level="0",addr="0xffffe410",func="__kernel_vsyscall",args=[]},state="running"},
     {id="1",target-id="Thread 0xb7e156b0 (LWP 21254)",
        frame={level="0",addr="0x0804891f",func="foo",args=[{name="i",value="10"}],
                file="/tmp/a.c",fullname="/tmp/a.c",line="158",arch="i386:x86_64"},state="running"}]]
     -list-thread-groups --available
     ^done,groups=[{id="17",type="process",pid="yyy",num_children="2",cores=[1,2]}]
     -list-thread-groups --available --recurse 1
      ^done,groups=[{id="17", types="process",pid="yyy",num_children="2",cores=[1,2],
                     threads=[{id="1",target-id="Thread 0xb7e14b90",cores=[1]},
                              {id="2",target-id="Thread 0xb7e14b90",cores=[2]}]},..]
     -list-thread-groups --available --recurse 1 17 18
     ^done,groups=[{id="17", types="process",pid="yyy",num_children="2",cores=[1,2],
                    threads=[{id="1",target-id="Thread 0xb7e14b90",cores=[1]},
                             {id="2",target-id="Thread 0xb7e14b90",cores=[2]}]},...]

The ‘-info-os’ Command
----------------------

Synopsis
........

     -info-os [ TYPE ]

   If no argument is supplied, the command returns a table of available
operating-system-specific information types.  If one of these types is
supplied as an argument TYPE, then the command returns a table of data
of that type.

   The types of information available depend on the target operating
system.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘info os’.

Example
.......

When run on a GNU/Linux system, the output will look something like
this:

     (gdb)
     -info-os
     ^done,OSDataTable={nr_rows="10",nr_cols="3",
     hdr=[{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="col0",colhdr="Type"},
          {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="col1",colhdr="Description"},
          {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="col2",colhdr="Title"}],
     body=[item={col0="cpus",col1="Listing of all cpus/cores on the system",
                 col2="CPUs"},
           item={col0="files",col1="Listing of all file descriptors",
                 col2="File descriptors"},
           item={col0="modules",col1="Listing of all loaded kernel modules",
                 col2="Kernel modules"},
           item={col0="msg",col1="Listing of all message queues",
                 col2="Message queues"},
           item={col0="processes",col1="Listing of all processes",
                 col2="Processes"},
           item={col0="procgroups",col1="Listing of all process groups",
                 col2="Process groups"},
           item={col0="semaphores",col1="Listing of all semaphores",
                 col2="Semaphores"},
           item={col0="shm",col1="Listing of all shared-memory regions",
                 col2="Shared-memory regions"},
           item={col0="sockets",col1="Listing of all internet-domain sockets",
                 col2="Sockets"},
           item={col0="threads",col1="Listing of all threads",
                 col2="Threads"}]
     (gdb)
     -info-os processes
     ^done,OSDataTable={nr_rows="190",nr_cols="4",
     hdr=[{width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="col0",colhdr="pid"},
          {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="col1",colhdr="user"},
          {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="col2",colhdr="command"},
          {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="col3",colhdr="cores"}],
     body=[item={col0="1",col1="root",col2="/sbin/init",col3="0"},
           item={col0="2",col1="root",col2="[kthreadd]",col3="1"},
           item={col0="3",col1="root",col2="[ksoftirqd/0]",col3="0"},
           ...
           item={col0="26446",col1="stan",col2="bash",col3="0"},
           item={col0="28152",col1="stan",col2="bash",col3="1"}]}
     (gdb)

   (Note that the MI output here includes a ‘"Title"’ column that does
not appear in command-line ‘info os’; this column is useful for MI
clients that want to enumerate the types of data, such as in a popup
menu, but is needless clutter on the command line, and ‘info os’ omits
it.)

The ‘-add-inferior’ Command
---------------------------

Synopsis
........

     -add-inferior [ --no-connection ]

   Creates a new inferior (*note Inferiors Connections and Programs::).
The created inferior is not associated with any executable.  Such
association may be established with the ‘-file-exec-and-symbols’ command
(*note GDB/MI File Commands::).

   By default, the new inferior begins connected to the same target
connection as the current inferior.  For example, if the current
inferior was connected to ‘gdbserver’ with ‘target remote’, then the new
inferior will be connected to the same ‘gdbserver’ instance.  The
‘--no-connection’ option starts the new inferior with no connection yet.
You can then for example use the ‘-target-select remote’ command to
connect to some other ‘gdbserver’ instance, use ‘-exec-run’ to spawn a
local program, etc.

   The command response always has a field, INFERIOR, whose value is the
identifier of the thread group corresponding to the new inferior.

   An additional section field, CONNECTION, is optional.  This field
will only exist if the new inferior has a target connection.  If this
field exists, then its value will be a tuple containing the following
fields:

‘number’
     The number of the connection used for the new inferior.

‘name’
     The name of the connection type used for the new inferior.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘add-inferior’ (*note ‘add-inferior’:
add_inferior_cli.).

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -add-inferior
     ^done,inferior="i3"

The ‘-remove-inferior’ Command
------------------------------

Synopsis
........

     -remove-inferior INFERIOR-ID

   Removes an inferior (*note Inferiors Connections and Programs::).
Only inferiors that have exited can be removed.  The INFERIOR-ID is the
inferior to be removed, and should be the same id string as returned by
the ‘-add-inferior’ command.

   When an inferior is successfully removed a ‘=thread-group-removed’
notification (*note GDB/MI Async Records::) is emitted, the ID field of
which contains the INFERIOR-ID for the removed inferior.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘remove-inferiors’ (*note
‘remove-inferiors’: remove_inferiors_cli.).

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -remove-inferior i3
     =thread-group-removed,id="i3"
     ^done

The ‘-interpreter-exec’ Command
-------------------------------

Synopsis
........

     -interpreter-exec INTERPRETER COMMAND

   Execute the specified COMMAND in the given INTERPRETER.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘interpreter-exec’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -interpreter-exec console "break main"
     &"During symbol reading, couldn't parse type; debugger out of date?.\n"
     &"During symbol reading, bad structure-type format.\n"
     ~"Breakpoint 1 at 0x8074fc6: file ../../src/gdb/main.c, line 743.\n"
     ^done
     (gdb)

The ‘-inferior-tty-set’ Command
-------------------------------

Synopsis
........

     -inferior-tty-set /dev/pts/1

   Set terminal for future runs of the program being debugged.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘set inferior-tty’ /dev/pts/1.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -inferior-tty-set /dev/pts/1
     ^done
     (gdb)

The ‘-inferior-tty-show’ Command
--------------------------------

Synopsis
........

     -inferior-tty-show

   Show terminal for future runs of program being debugged.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘show inferior-tty’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -inferior-tty-set /dev/pts/1
     ^done
     (gdb)
     -inferior-tty-show
     ^done,inferior_tty_terminal="/dev/pts/1"
     (gdb)

The ‘-enable-timings’ Command
-----------------------------

Synopsis
........

     -enable-timings [yes | no]

   Toggle the printing of the wallclock, user and system times for an MI
command as a field in its output.  This command is to help frontend
developers optimize the performance of their code.  No argument is
equivalent to ‘yes’.

GDB Command
...........

No equivalent.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -enable-timings
     ^done
     (gdb)
     -break-insert main
     ^done,bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y",
     addr="0x080484ed",func="main",file="myprog.c",
     fullname="/home/nickrob/myprog.c",line="73",thread-groups=["i1"],
     times="0"},
     time={wallclock="0.05185",user="0.00800",system="0.00000"}
     (gdb)
     -enable-timings no
     ^done
     (gdb)
     -exec-run
     ^running
     (gdb)
     *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",disp="keep",bkptno="1",thread-id="0",
     frame={addr="0x080484ed",func="main",args=[{name="argc",value="1"},
     {name="argv",value="0xbfb60364"}],file="myprog.c",
     fullname="/home/nickrob/myprog.c",line="73",arch="i386:x86_64"}
     (gdb)

The ‘-complete’ Command
-----------------------

Synopsis
........

     -complete COMMAND

   Show a list of completions for partially typed CLI COMMAND.

   This command is intended for GDB/MI frontends that cannot use two
separate CLI and MI channels -- for example: because of lack of PTYs
like on Windows or because GDB is used remotely via a SSH connection.

Result
......

The result consists of two or three fields:

‘completion’
     This field contains the completed COMMAND.  If COMMAND has no known
     completions, this field is omitted.

‘matches’
     This field contains a (possibly empty) array of matches.  It is
     always present.

‘max_completions_reached’
     This field contains ‘1’ if number of known completions is above
     ‘max-completions’ limit (*note Completion::), otherwise it contains
     ‘0’.  It is always present.

GDB Command
...........

The corresponding GDB command is ‘complete’.

Example
.......

     (gdb)
     -complete br
     ^done,completion="break",
           matches=["break","break-range"],
           max_completions_reached="0"
     (gdb)
     -complete "b ma"
     ^done,completion="b ma",
           matches=["b madvise","b main"],max_completions_reached="0"
     (gdb)
     -complete "b push_b"
     ^done,completion="b push_back(",
           matches=[
            "b A::push_back(void*)",
            "b std::string::push_back(char)",
            "b std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> >::push_back(int&&)"],
           max_completions_reached="0"
     (gdb)
     -complete "nonexist"
     ^done,matches=[],max_completions_reached="0"
     (gdb)



File: gdb.info,  Node: Annotations,  Next: Debugger Adapter Protocol,  Prev: GDB/MI,  Up: Top

28 GDB Annotations
******************

This chapter describes annotations in GDB.  Annotations were designed to
interface GDB to graphical user interfaces or other similar programs
which want to interact with GDB at a relatively high level.

   The annotation mechanism has largely been superseded by GDB/MI (*note
GDB/MI::).

* Menu:

* Annotations Overview::  What annotations are; the general syntax.
* Server Prefix::       Issuing a command without affecting user state.
* Prompting::           Annotations marking GDB's need for input.
* Errors::              Annotations for error messages.
* Invalidation::        Some annotations describe things now invalid.
* Annotations for Running::
                        Whether the program is running, how it stopped, etc.
* Source Annotations::  Annotations describing source code.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Annotations Overview,  Next: Server Prefix,  Up: Annotations

28.1 What is an Annotation?
===========================

Annotations start with a newline character, two ‘control-z’ characters,
and the name of the annotation.  If there is no additional information
associated with this annotation, the name of the annotation is followed
immediately by a newline.  If there is additional information, the name
of the annotation is followed by a space, the additional information,
and a newline.  The additional information cannot contain newline
characters.

   Any output not beginning with a newline and two ‘control-z’
characters denotes literal output from GDB.  Currently there is no need
for GDB to output a newline followed by two ‘control-z’ characters, but
if there was such a need, the annotations could be extended with an
‘escape’ annotation which means those three characters as output.

   The annotation LEVEL, which is specified using the ‘--annotate’
command line option (*note Mode Options::), controls how much
information GDB prints together with its prompt, values of expressions,
source lines, and other types of output.  Level 0 is for no annotations,
level 1 is for use when GDB is run as a subprocess of GNU Emacs, level 3
is the maximum annotation suitable for programs that control GDB, and
level 2 annotations have been made obsolete (*note Limitations of the
Annotation Interface: (annotate)Limitations.).

‘set annotate LEVEL’
     The GDB command ‘set annotate’ sets the level of annotations to the
     specified LEVEL.

‘show annotate’
     Show the current annotation level.

   This chapter describes level 3 annotations.

   A simple example of starting up GDB with annotations is:

     $ gdb --annotate=3
     GNU gdb 6.0
     Copyright 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License,
     and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it
     under certain conditions.
     Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
     There is absolutely no warranty for GDB.  Type "show warranty"
     for details.
     This GDB was configured as "i386-pc-linux-gnu"

     ^Z^Zpre-prompt
     (gdb)
     ^Z^Zprompt
     quit

     ^Z^Zpost-prompt
     $

   Here ‘quit’ is input to GDB; the rest is output from GDB.  The three
lines beginning ‘^Z^Z’ (where ‘^Z’ denotes a ‘control-z’ character) are
annotations; the rest is output from GDB.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Server Prefix,  Next: Prompting,  Prev: Annotations Overview,  Up: Annotations

28.2 The Server Prefix
======================

If you prefix a command with ‘server ’ then it will not affect the
command history, nor will it affect GDB's notion of which command to
repeat if <RET> is pressed on a line by itself.  This means that
commands can be run behind a user's back by a front-end in a transparent
manner.

   The ‘server ’ prefix does not affect the recording of values into the
value history; to print a value without recording it into the value
history, use the ‘output’ command instead of the ‘print’ command.

   Using this prefix also disables confirmation requests (*note
confirmation requests::).


File: gdb.info,  Node: Prompting,  Next: Errors,  Prev: Server Prefix,  Up: Annotations

28.3 Annotation for GDB Input
=============================

When GDB prompts for input, it annotates this fact so it is possible to
know when to send output, when the output from a given command is over,
etc.

   Different kinds of input each have a different “input type”.  Each
input type has three annotations: a ‘pre-’ annotation, which denotes the
beginning of any prompt which is being output, a plain annotation, which
denotes the end of the prompt, and then a ‘post-’ annotation which
denotes the end of any echo which may (or may not) be associated with
the input.  For example, the ‘prompt’ input type features the following
annotations:

     ^Z^Zpre-prompt
     ^Z^Zprompt
     ^Z^Zpost-prompt

   The input types are

‘prompt’
     When GDB is prompting for a command (the main GDB prompt).

‘commands’
     When GDB prompts for a set of commands, like in the ‘commands’
     command.  The annotations are repeated for each command which is
     input.

‘overload-choice’
     When GDB wants the user to select between various overloaded
     functions.

‘query’
     When GDB wants the user to confirm a potentially dangerous
     operation.

‘prompt-for-continue’
     When GDB is asking the user to press return to continue.  Note:
     Don't expect this to work well; instead use ‘set height 0’ to
     disable prompting.  This is because the counting of lines is buggy
     in the presence of annotations.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Errors,  Next: Invalidation,  Prev: Prompting,  Up: Annotations

28.4 Errors
===========

     ^Z^Zquit

   This annotation occurs right before GDB responds to an interrupt.

     ^Z^Zerror

   This annotation occurs right before GDB responds to an error.

   Quit and error annotations indicate that any annotations which GDB
was in the middle of may end abruptly.  For example, if a
‘value-history-begin’ annotation is followed by a ‘error’, one cannot
expect to receive the matching ‘value-history-end’.  One cannot expect
not to receive it either, however; an error annotation does not
necessarily mean that GDB is immediately returning all the way to the
top level.

   A quit or error annotation may be preceded by

     ^Z^Zerror-begin

   Any output between that and the quit or error annotation is the error
message.

   Warning messages are not yet annotated.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Invalidation,  Next: Annotations for Running,  Prev: Errors,  Up: Annotations

28.5 Invalidation Notices
=========================

The following annotations say that certain pieces of state may have
changed.

‘^Z^Zframes-invalid’

     The frames (for example, output from the ‘backtrace’ command) may
     have changed.

‘^Z^Zbreakpoints-invalid’

     The breakpoints may have changed.  For example, the user just added
     or deleted a breakpoint.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Annotations for Running,  Next: Source Annotations,  Prev: Invalidation,  Up: Annotations

28.6 Running the Program
========================

When the program starts executing due to a GDB command such as ‘step’ or
‘continue’,

     ^Z^Zstarting

   is output.  When the program stops,

     ^Z^Zstopped

   is output.  Before the ‘stopped’ annotation, a variety of annotations
describe how the program stopped.

‘^Z^Zexited EXIT-STATUS’
     The program exited, and EXIT-STATUS is the exit status (zero for
     successful exit, otherwise nonzero).

‘^Z^Zsignalled’
     The program exited with a signal.  After the ‘^Z^Zsignalled’, the
     annotation continues:

          INTRO-TEXT
          ^Z^Zsignal-name
          NAME
          ^Z^Zsignal-name-end
          MIDDLE-TEXT
          ^Z^Zsignal-string
          STRING
          ^Z^Zsignal-string-end
          END-TEXT

     where NAME is the name of the signal, such as ‘SIGILL’ or
     ‘SIGSEGV’, and STRING is the explanation of the signal, such as
     ‘Illegal Instruction’ or ‘Segmentation fault’.  The arguments
     INTRO-TEXT, MIDDLE-TEXT, and END-TEXT are for the user's benefit
     and have no particular format.

‘^Z^Zsignal’
     The syntax of this annotation is just like ‘signalled’, but GDB is
     just saying that the program received the signal, not that it was
     terminated with it.

‘^Z^Zbreakpoint NUMBER’
     The program hit breakpoint number NUMBER.

‘^Z^Zwatchpoint NUMBER’
     The program hit watchpoint number NUMBER.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Source Annotations,  Prev: Annotations for Running,  Up: Annotations

28.7 Displaying Source
======================

The following annotation is used instead of displaying source code:

     ^Z^Zsource FILENAME:LINE:CHARACTER:MIDDLE:ADDR

   where FILENAME is an absolute file name indicating which source file,
LINE is the line number within that file (where 1 is the first line in
the file), CHARACTER is the character position within the file (where 0
is the first character in the file) (for most debug formats this will
necessarily point to the beginning of a line), MIDDLE is ‘middle’ if
ADDR is in the middle of the line, or ‘beg’ if ADDR is at the beginning
of the line, and ADDR is the address in the target program associated
with the source which is being displayed.  The ADDR is in the form ‘0x’
followed by one or more lowercase hex digits (note that this does not
depend on the language).


File: gdb.info,  Node: Debugger Adapter Protocol,  Next: JIT Interface,  Prev: Annotations,  Up: Top

29 Debugger Adapter Protocol
****************************

The Debugger Adapter Protocol is a generic API that is used by some IDEs
to communicate with debuggers.  It is documented at
<https://microsoft.github.io/debug-adapter-protocol/>.

   Generally, GDB implements the Debugger Adapter Protocol as written.
However, in some cases, extensions are either needed or even expected.

   GDB defines some parameters that can be passed to the ‘launch’
request:

‘args’
     If provided, this should be an array of strings.  These strings are
     provided as command-line arguments to the inferior, as if by ‘set
     args’.  *Note Arguments::.

‘cwd’
     If provided, this should be a string.  GDB will change its working
     directory to this directory, as if by the ‘cd’ command (*note
     Working Directory::).  The launched program will inherit this as
     its working directory.  Note that change of directory happens
     before the ‘program’ parameter is processed.  This will affect the
     result if ‘program’ is a relative filename.

‘env’
     If provided, this should be an object.  Each key of the object will
     be used as the name of an environment variable; each value must be
     a string and will be the value of that variable.  The environment
     of the inferior will be set to exactly as passed in.  *Note
     Environment::.

‘program’
     If provided, this is a string that specifies the program to use.
     This corresponds to the ‘file’ command.  *Note Files::.

‘stopAtBeginningOfMainSubprogram’
     If provided, this must be a boolean.  When ‘True’, GDB will set a
     temporary breakpoint at the program's main procedure, using the
     same approach as the ‘start’ command.  *Note Starting::.

‘stopOnEntry’
     If provided, this must be a boolean.  When ‘True’, GDB will set a
     temporary breakpoint at the program's first instruction, using the
     same approach as the ‘starti’ command.  *Note Starting::.

   GDB defines some parameters that can be passed to the ‘attach’
request.  Either ‘pid’ or ‘target’ must be specified, but if both are
specified then ‘target’ will be ignored.

‘pid’
     The process ID to which GDB should attach.  *Note Attach::.

‘program’
     If provided, this is a string that specifies the program to use.
     This corresponds to the ‘file’ command.  *Note Files::.  In some
     cases, GDB can automatically determine which program is running.
     However, for many remote targets, this is not the case, and so this
     should be supplied.

‘target’
     The target to which GDB should connect.  This is a string and is
     passed to the ‘target remote’ command.  *Note Connecting::.

   In response to the ‘disassemble’ request, DAP allows the client to
return the bytes of each instruction in an implementation-defined
format.  GDB implements this by sending a string with the bytes encoded
in hex, like ‘"55a2b900"’.

   When the ‘repl’ context is used for the ‘evaluate’ request, GDB
evaluates the provided expression as a CLI command.

   Evaluation in general can cause the inferior to continue execution.
For example, evaluating the ‘continue’ command could do this, as could
evaluating an expression that involves an inferior function call.

   ‘repl’ evaluation can also cause GDB to appear to stop responding to
requests, for example if a CLI script does a lengthy computation.

   Evaluations like this can be interrupted using the DAP ‘cancel’
request.  (In fact, ‘cancel’ should work for any request, but it is
unlikely to be useful for most of them.)

   GDB provides a couple of logging settings that can be used in DAP
mode.  These can be set on the command line using the ‘-iex’ option
(*note File Options::).

‘set debug dap-log-file [FILENAME]’
     Enable DAP logging.  Logs are written to FILENAME.  If no FILENAME
     is given, logging is stopped.

‘set debug dap-log-level LEVEL’
     Set the DAP logging level.  The default is ‘1’, which logs the DAP
     protocol, whatever debug messages the developers thought were
     useful, and unexpected exceptions.  Level ‘2’ can be used to log
     all exceptions, including ones that are considered to be expected.
     For example, a failure to parse an expression would be considered a
     normal exception and not normally be logged.


File: gdb.info,  Node: JIT Interface,  Next: In-Process Agent,  Prev: Debugger Adapter Protocol,  Up: Top

30 JIT Compilation Interface
****************************

This chapter documents GDB's “just-in-time” (JIT) compilation interface.
A JIT compiler is a program or library that generates native executable
code at runtime and executes it, usually in order to achieve good
performance while maintaining platform independence.

   Programs that use JIT compilation are normally difficult to debug
because portions of their code are generated at runtime, instead of
being loaded from object files, which is where GDB normally finds the
program's symbols and debug information.  In order to debug programs
that use JIT compilation, GDB has an interface that allows the program
to register in-memory symbol files with GDB at runtime.

   If you are using GDB to debug a program that uses this interface,
then it should work transparently so long as you have not stripped the
binary.  If you are developing a JIT compiler, then the interface is
documented in the rest of this chapter.  At this time, the only known
client of this interface is the LLVM JIT.

   Broadly speaking, the JIT interface mirrors the dynamic loader
interface.  The JIT compiler communicates with GDB by writing data into
a global variable and calling a function at a well-known symbol.  When
GDB attaches, it reads a linked list of symbol files from the global
variable to find existing code, and puts a breakpoint in the function so
that it can find out about additional code.

* Menu:

* Declarations::                Relevant C struct declarations
* Registering Code::            Steps to register code
* Unregistering Code::          Steps to unregister code
* Custom Debug Info::           Emit debug information in a custom format


File: gdb.info,  Node: Declarations,  Next: Registering Code,  Up: JIT Interface

30.1 JIT Declarations
=====================

These are the relevant struct declarations that a C program should
include to implement the interface:

     typedef enum
     {
       JIT_NOACTION = 0,
       JIT_REGISTER_FN,
       JIT_UNREGISTER_FN
     } jit_actions_t;

     struct jit_code_entry
     {
       struct jit_code_entry *next_entry;
       struct jit_code_entry *prev_entry;
       const char *symfile_addr;
       uint64_t symfile_size;
     };

     struct jit_descriptor
     {
       uint32_t version;
       /* This type should be jit_actions_t, but we use uint32_t
          to be explicit about the bitwidth.  */
       uint32_t action_flag;
       struct jit_code_entry *relevant_entry;
       struct jit_code_entry *first_entry;
     };

     /* GDB puts a breakpoint in this function.  */
     void __attribute__((noinline)) __jit_debug_register_code() { };

     /* Make sure to specify the version statically, because the
        debugger may check the version before we can set it.  */
     struct jit_descriptor __jit_debug_descriptor = { 1, 0, 0, 0 };

   If the JIT is multi-threaded, then it is important that the JIT
synchronize any modifications to this global data properly, which can
easily be done by putting a global mutex around modifications to these
structures.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Registering Code,  Next: Unregistering Code,  Prev: Declarations,  Up: JIT Interface

30.2 Registering Code
=====================

To register code with GDB, the JIT should follow this protocol:

   • Generate an object file in memory with symbols and other desired
     debug information.  The file must include the virtual addresses of
     the sections.

   • Create a code entry for the file, which gives the start and size of
     the symbol file.

   • Add it to the linked list in the JIT descriptor.

   • Point the relevant_entry field of the descriptor at the entry.

   • Set ‘action_flag’ to ‘JIT_REGISTER’ and call
     ‘__jit_debug_register_code’.

   When GDB is attached and the breakpoint fires, GDB uses the
‘relevant_entry’ pointer so it doesn't have to walk the list looking for
new code.  However, the linked list must still be maintained in order to
allow GDB to attach to a running process and still find the symbol
files.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Unregistering Code,  Next: Custom Debug Info,  Prev: Registering Code,  Up: JIT Interface

30.3 Unregistering Code
=======================

If code is freed, then the JIT should use the following protocol:

   • Remove the code entry corresponding to the code from the linked
     list.

   • Point the ‘relevant_entry’ field of the descriptor at the code
     entry.

   • Set ‘action_flag’ to ‘JIT_UNREGISTER’ and call
     ‘__jit_debug_register_code’.

   If the JIT frees or recompiles code without unregistering it, then
GDB and the JIT will leak the memory used for the associated symbol
files.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Custom Debug Info,  Prev: Unregistering Code,  Up: JIT Interface

30.4 Custom Debug Info
======================

Generating debug information in platform-native file formats (like ELF
or COFF) may be an overkill for JIT compilers; especially if all the
debug info is used for is displaying a meaningful backtrace.  The issue
can be resolved by having the JIT writers decide on a debug info format
and also provide a reader that parses the debug info generated by the
JIT compiler.  This section gives a brief overview on writing such a
parser.  More specific details can be found in the source file
‘gdb/jit-reader.in’, which is also installed as a header at
‘INCLUDEDIR/gdb/jit-reader.h’ for easy inclusion.

   The reader is implemented as a shared object (so this functionality
is not available on platforms which don't allow loading shared objects
at runtime).  Two GDB commands, ‘jit-reader-load’ and
‘jit-reader-unload’ are provided, to be used to load and unload the
readers from a preconfigured directory.  Once loaded, the shared object
is used the parse the debug information emitted by the JIT compiler.

* Menu:

* Using JIT Debug Info Readers::       How to use supplied readers correctly
* Writing JIT Debug Info Readers::     Creating a debug-info reader


File: gdb.info,  Node: Using JIT Debug Info Readers,  Next: Writing JIT Debug Info Readers,  Up: Custom Debug Info

30.4.1 Using JIT Debug Info Readers
-----------------------------------

Readers can be loaded and unloaded using the ‘jit-reader-load’ and
‘jit-reader-unload’ commands.

‘jit-reader-load READER’
     Load the JIT reader named READER, which is a shared object
     specified as either an absolute or a relative file name.  In the
     latter case, GDB will try to load the reader from a pre-configured
     directory, usually ‘LIBDIR/gdb/’ on a UNIX system (here LIBDIR is
     the system library directory, often ‘/usr/local/lib’).

     Only one reader can be active at a time; trying to load a second
     reader when one is already loaded will result in GDB reporting an
     error.  A new JIT reader can be loaded by first unloading the
     current one using ‘jit-reader-unload’ and then invoking
     ‘jit-reader-load’.

‘show jit-reader-directory’
     This command will show the directory that is used by
     ‘jit-reader-load’ when a relative file name is specified.

‘jit-reader-unload’
     Unload the currently loaded JIT reader.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Writing JIT Debug Info Readers,  Prev: Using JIT Debug Info Readers,  Up: Custom Debug Info

30.4.2 Writing JIT Debug Info Readers
-------------------------------------

As mentioned, a reader is essentially a shared object conforming to a
certain ABI. This ABI is described in ‘jit-reader.h’.

   ‘jit-reader.h’ defines the structures, macros and functions required
to write a reader.  It is installed (along with GDB), in
‘INCLUDEDIR/gdb’ where INCLUDEDIR is the system include directory.

   Readers need to be released under a GPL compatible license.  A reader
can be declared as released under such a license by placing the macro
‘GDB_DECLARE_GPL_COMPATIBLE_READER’ in a source file.

   The entry point for readers is the symbol ‘gdb_init_reader’, which is
expected to be a function with the prototype

     extern struct gdb_reader_funcs *gdb_init_reader (void);

   ‘struct gdb_reader_funcs’ contains a set of pointers to callback
functions.  These functions are executed to read the debug info
generated by the JIT compiler (‘read’), to unwind stack frames
(‘unwind’) and to create canonical frame IDs (‘get_frame_id’).  It also
has a callback that is called when the reader is being unloaded
(‘destroy’).  The struct looks like this

     struct gdb_reader_funcs
     {
       /* Must be set to GDB_READER_INTERFACE_VERSION.  */
       int reader_version;

       /* For use by the reader.  */
       void *priv_data;

       gdb_read_debug_info *read;
       gdb_unwind_frame *unwind;
       gdb_get_frame_id *get_frame_id;
       gdb_destroy_reader *destroy;
     };

   The callbacks are provided with another set of callbacks by GDB to do
their job.  For ‘read’, these callbacks are passed in a ‘struct
gdb_symbol_callbacks’ and for ‘unwind’ and ‘get_frame_id’, in a ‘struct
gdb_unwind_callbacks’.  ‘struct gdb_symbol_callbacks’ has callbacks to
create new object files and new symbol tables inside those object files.
‘struct gdb_unwind_callbacks’ has callbacks to read registers off the
current frame and to write out the values of the registers in the
previous frame.  Both have a callback (‘target_read’) to read bytes off
the target's address space.


File: gdb.info,  Node: In-Process Agent,  Next: GDB Bugs,  Prev: JIT Interface,  Up: Top

31 In-Process Agent
*******************

The traditional debugging model is conceptually low-speed, but works
fine, because most bugs can be reproduced in debugging-mode execution.
However, as multi-core or many-core processors are becoming mainstream,
and multi-threaded programs become more and more popular, there should
be more and more bugs that only manifest themselves at normal-mode
execution, for example, thread races, because debugger's interference
with the program's timing may conceal the bugs.  On the other hand, in
some applications, it is not feasible for the debugger to interrupt the
program's execution long enough for the developer to learn anything
helpful about its behavior.  If the program's correctness depends on its
real-time behavior, delays introduced by a debugger might cause the
program to fail, even when the code itself is correct.  It is useful to
be able to observe the program's behavior without interrupting it.

   Therefore, traditional debugging model is too intrusive to reproduce
some bugs.  In order to reduce the interference with the program, we can
reduce the number of operations performed by debugger.  The “In-Process
Agent”, a shared library, is running within the same process with
inferior, and is able to perform some debugging operations itself.  As a
result, debugger is only involved when necessary, and performance of
debugging can be improved accordingly.  Note that interference with
program can be reduced but can't be removed completely, because the
in-process agent will still stop or slow down the program.

   The in-process agent can interpret and execute Agent Expressions
(*note Agent Expressions::) during performing debugging operations.  The
agent expressions can be used for different purposes, such as collecting
data in tracepoints, and condition evaluation in breakpoints.

   You can control whether the in-process agent is used as an aid for
debugging with the following commands:

‘set agent on’
     Causes the in-process agent to perform some operations on behalf of
     the debugger.  Just which operations requested by the user will be
     done by the in-process agent depends on the its capabilities.  For
     example, if you request to evaluate breakpoint conditions in the
     in-process agent, and the in-process agent has such capability as
     well, then breakpoint conditions will be evaluated in the
     in-process agent.

‘set agent off’
     Disables execution of debugging operations by the in-process agent.
     All of the operations will be performed by GDB.

‘show agent’
     Display the current setting of execution of debugging operations by
     the in-process agent.

* Menu:

* In-Process Agent Protocol::


File: gdb.info,  Node: In-Process Agent Protocol,  Up: In-Process Agent

31.1 In-Process Agent Protocol
==============================

The in-process agent is able to communicate with both GDB and GDBserver
(*note In-Process Agent::).  This section documents the protocol used
for communications between GDB or GDBserver and the IPA. In general, GDB
or GDBserver sends commands (*note IPA Protocol Commands::) and data to
in-process agent, and then in-process agent replies back with the return
result of the command, or some other information.  The data sent to
in-process agent is composed of primitive data types, such as 4-byte or
8-byte type, and composite types, which are called objects (*note IPA
Protocol Objects::).

* Menu:

* IPA Protocol Objects::
* IPA Protocol Commands::


File: gdb.info,  Node: IPA Protocol Objects,  Next: IPA Protocol Commands,  Up: In-Process Agent Protocol

31.1.1 IPA Protocol Objects
---------------------------

The commands sent to and results received from agent may contain some
complex data types called “objects”.

   The in-process agent is running on the same machine with GDB or
GDBserver, so it doesn't have to handle as much differences between two
ends as remote protocol (*note Remote Protocol::) tries to handle.
However, there are still some differences of two ends in two processes:

  1. word size.  On some 64-bit machines, GDB or GDBserver can be
     compiled as a 64-bit executable, while in-process agent is a 32-bit
     one.
  2. ABI. Some machines may have multiple types of ABI, GDB or GDBserver
     is compiled with one, and in-process agent is compiled with the
     other one.

   Here are the IPA Protocol Objects:

  1. agent expression object.  It represents an agent expression (*note
     Agent Expressions::).
  2. tracepoint action object.  It represents a tracepoint action (*note
     Tracepoint Action Lists: Tracepoint Actions.) to collect registers,
     memory, static trace data and to evaluate expression.
  3. tracepoint object.  It represents a tracepoint (*note
     Tracepoints::).

   The following table describes important attributes of each IPA
protocol object:

Name                   Size           Description
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
_agent expression
object_
length                 4              length of bytes code
byte code              LENGTH         contents of byte code
_tracepoint action
for collecting
memory_
'M'                    1              type of tracepoint action
addr                   8              if BASEREG is ‘-1’, ADDR is the
                                      address of the lowest byte to
                                      collect, otherwise ADDR is the
                                      offset of BASEREG for memory
                                      collecting.
len                    8              length of memory for collecting
basereg                4              the register number containing the
                                      starting memory address for
                                      collecting.
_tracepoint action
for collecting
registers_
'R'                    1              type of tracepoint action
_tracepoint action
for collecting
static trace data_
'L'                    1              type of tracepoint action
_tracepoint action
for expression
evaluation_
'X'                    1              type of tracepoint action
agent expression       length of      *note agent expression object::
_tracepoint object_
number                 4              number of tracepoint
address                8              address of tracepoint inserted on
type                   4              type of tracepoint
enabled                1              enable or disable of tracepoint
step_count             8              step
pass_count             8              pass
numactions             4              number of tracepoint actions
hit count              8              hit count
trace frame usage      8              trace frame usage
compiled_cond          8              compiled condition
orig_size              8              orig size
condition              4 if           zero if condition is NULL,
                       condition is   otherwise is
                       NULL           *note agent expression object::
                       otherwise
                       length of
                       *note agent expression object::
actions                variable       numactions number of
                                      *note tracepoint action object::


File: gdb.info,  Node: IPA Protocol Commands,  Prev: IPA Protocol Objects,  Up: In-Process Agent Protocol

31.1.2 IPA Protocol Commands
----------------------------

The spaces in each command are delimiters to ease reading this commands
specification.  They don't exist in real commands.

‘FastTrace:TRACEPOINT_OBJECT GDB_JUMP_PAD_HEAD’
     Installs a new fast tracepoint described by TRACEPOINT_OBJECT
     (*note tracepoint object::).  The GDB_JUMP_PAD_HEAD, 8-byte long,
     is the head of “jumppad”, which is used to jump to data collection
     routine in IPA finally.

     Replies:
     ‘OK TARGET_ADDRESS GDB_JUMP_PAD_HEAD FJUMP_SIZE FJUMP’
          TARGET_ADDRESS is address of tracepoint in the inferior.  The
          GDB_JUMP_PAD_HEAD is updated head of jumppad.  Both of
          TARGET_ADDRESS and GDB_JUMP_PAD_HEAD are 8-byte long.  The
          FJUMP contains a sequence of instructions jump to jumppad
          entry.  The FJUMP_SIZE, 4-byte long, is the size of FJUMP.

‘close’
     Closes the in-process agent.  This command is sent when GDB or
     GDBserver is about to kill inferiors.

‘qTfSTM’
     *Note qTfSTM::.
‘qTsSTM’
     *Note qTsSTM::.
‘qTSTMat’
     *Note qTSTMat::.
‘probe_marker_at:ADDRESS’
     Asks in-process agent to probe the marker at ADDRESS.

     Replies:
‘unprobe_marker_at:ADDRESS’
     Asks in-process agent to unprobe the marker at ADDRESS.


File: gdb.info,  Node: GDB Bugs,  Next: Command Line Editing,  Prev: In-Process Agent,  Up: Top

32 Reporting Bugs in GDB
************************

Your bug reports play an essential role in making GDB reliable.

   Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem,
or it may not.  But in any case the principal function of a bug report
is to help the entire community by making the next version of GDB work
better.  Bug reports are your contribution to the maintenance of GDB.

   In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the
information that enables us to fix the bug.

* Menu:

* Bug Criteria::                Have you found a bug?
* Bug Reporting::               How to report bugs


File: gdb.info,  Node: Bug Criteria,  Next: Bug Reporting,  Up: GDB Bugs

32.1 Have You Found a Bug?
==========================

If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some
guidelines:

   • If the debugger gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that
     is a GDB bug.  Reliable debuggers never crash.

   • If GDB produces an error message for valid input, that is a bug.
     (Note that if you're cross debugging, the problem may also be
     somewhere in the connection to the target.)

   • If GDB does not produce an error message for invalid input, that is
     a bug.  However, you should note that your idea of "invalid input"
     might be our idea of "an extension" or "support for traditional
     practice".

   • If you are an experienced user of debugging tools, your suggestions
     for improvement of GDB are welcome in any case.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Bug Reporting,  Prev: Bug Criteria,  Up: GDB Bugs

32.2 How to Report Bugs
=======================

A number of companies and individuals offer support for GNU products.
If you obtained GDB from a support organization, we recommend you
contact that organization first.

   You can find contact information for many support companies and
individuals in the file ‘etc/SERVICE’ in the GNU Emacs distribution.

   In any event, we also recommend that you submit bug reports for GDB
to <https://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>.

   The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this: *report
all the facts*.  If you are not sure whether to state a fact or leave it
out, state it!

   Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the
problem and assume that some details do not matter.  Thus, you might
assume that the name of the variable you use in an example does not
matter.  Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure.  Perhaps
the bug is a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the
location where that name is stored in memory; perhaps, if the name were
different, the contents of that location would fool the debugger into
doing the right thing despite the bug.  Play it safe and give a
specific, complete example.  That is the easiest thing for you to do,
and the most helpful.

   Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix
the bug.  It may be that the bug has been reported previously, but
neither you nor we can know that unless your bug report is complete and
self-contained.

   Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, "Does this ring a
bell?"  Those bug reports are useless, and we urge everyone to _refuse
to respond to them_ except to chide the sender to report bugs properly.

   To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things:

   • The version of GDB.  GDB announces it if you start with no
     arguments; you can also print it at any time using ‘show version’.

     Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in
     looking for the bug in the current version of GDB.

   • The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name
     and version number.

   • The details of the GDB build-time configuration.  GDB shows these
     details if you invoke it with the ‘--configuration’ command-line
     option, or if you type ‘show configuration’ at GDB's prompt.

   • What compiler (and its version) was used to compile GDB--e.g.
     "gcc-2.8.1".

   • What compiler (and its version) was used to compile the program you
     are debugging--e.g. "gcc-2.8.1", or "HP92453-01 A.10.32.03 HP C
     Compiler".  For GCC, you can say ‘gcc --version’ to get this
     information; for other compilers, see the documentation for those
     compilers.

   • The command arguments you gave the compiler to compile your example
     and observe the bug.  For example, did you use ‘-O’?  To guarantee
     you will not omit something important, list them all.  A copy of
     the Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient.

     If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess
     wrong and then we might not encounter the bug.

   • A complete input script, and all necessary source files, that will
     reproduce the bug.

   • A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is
     incorrect.  For example, "It gets a fatal signal."

     Of course, if the bug is that GDB gets a fatal signal, then we will
     certainly notice it.  But if the bug is incorrect output, we might
     not notice unless it is glaringly wrong.  You might as well not
     give us a chance to make a mistake.

     Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should
     still say so explicitly.  Suppose something strange is going on,
     such as, your copy of GDB is out of synch, or you have encountered
     a bug in the C library on your system.  (This has happened!)  Your
     copy might crash and ours would not.  If you told us to expect a
     crash, then when ours fails to crash, we would know that the bug
     was not happening for us.  If you had not told us to expect a
     crash, then we would not be able to draw any conclusion from our
     observations.

     To collect all this information, you can use a session recording
     program such as ‘script’, which is available on many Unix systems.
     Just run your GDB session inside ‘script’ and then include the
     ‘typescript’ file with your bug report.

     Another way to record a GDB session is to run GDB inside Emacs and
     then save the entire buffer to a file.

   • If you wish to suggest changes to the GDB source, send us context
     diffs.  If you even discuss something in the GDB source, refer to
     it by context, not by line number.

     The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in
     your sources.  Your line numbers would convey no useful information
     to us.

   Here are some things that are not necessary:

   • A description of the envelope of the bug.

     Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating
     which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which
     changes will not affect it.

     This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way
     we will find the bug is by running a single example under the
     debugger with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of
     examples.  We recommend that you save your time for something else.

     Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report _instead_ of
     the original one, that is a convenience for us.  Errors in the
     output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take
     less time, and so on.

     However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do
     this, report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you
     used.

   • A patch for the bug.

     A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one.  But do not
     omit the necessary information, such as the test case, on the
     assumption that a patch is all we need.  We might see problems with
     your patch and decide to fix the problem another way, or we might
     not understand it at all.

     Sometimes with a program as complicated as GDB it is very hard to
     construct an example that will make the program follow a certain
     path through the code.  If you do not send us the example, we will
     not be able to construct one, so we will not be able to verify that
     the bug is fixed.

     And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why
     your patch should be an improvement, we will not install it.  A
     test case will help us to understand.

   • A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on.

     Such guesses are usually wrong.  Even we cannot guess right about
     such things without first using the debugger to find the facts.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Command Line Editing,  Next: Using History Interactively,  Prev: GDB Bugs,  Up: Top

33 Command Line Editing
***********************

This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line
editing interface.

* Menu:

* Introduction and Notation::	Notation used in this text.
* Readline Interaction::	The minimum set of commands for editing a line.
* Readline Init File::		Customizing Readline from a user's view.
* Bindable Readline Commands::	A description of most of the Readline commands
				available for binding
* Readline vi Mode::		A short description of how to make Readline
				behave like the vi editor.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Introduction and Notation,  Next: Readline Interaction,  Up: Command Line Editing

33.1 Introduction to Line Editing
=================================

The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent
keystrokes.

   The text ‘C-k’ is read as 'Control-K' and describes the character
produced when the <k> key is pressed while the Control key is depressed.

   The text ‘M-k’ is read as 'Meta-K' and describes the character
produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <k>
key is pressed.  The Meta key is labeled <ALT> on many keyboards.  On
keyboards with two keys labeled <ALT> (usually to either side of the
space bar), the <ALT> on the left side is generally set to work as a
Meta key.  The <ALT> key on the right may also be configured to work as
a Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a
Compose key for typing accented characters.

   If you do not have a Meta or <ALT> key, or another key working as a
Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing <ESC>
_first_, and then typing <k>.  Either process is known as “metafying”
the <k> key.

   The text ‘M-C-k’ is read as 'Meta-Control-k' and describes the
character produced by “metafying” ‘C-k’.

   In addition, several keys have their own names.  Specifically, <DEL>,
<ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves when seen
in this text, or in an init file (*note Readline Init File::).  If your
keyboard lacks a <LFD> key, typing <C-j> will produce the desired
character.  The <RET> key may be labeled <Return> or <Enter> on some
keyboards.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Readline Interaction,  Next: Readline Init File,  Prev: Introduction and Notation,  Up: Command Line Editing

33.2 Readline Interaction
=========================

Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text,
only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled.  The
Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text
as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing
you to retype the majority of the line.  Using these editing commands,
you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or
insert the text of the corrections.  Then, when you are satisfied with
the line, you simply press <RET>.  You do not have to be at the end of
the line to press <RET>; the entire line is accepted regardless of the
location of the cursor within the line.

* Menu:

* Readline Bare Essentials::	The least you need to know about Readline.
* Readline Movement Commands::	Moving about the input line.
* Readline Killing Commands::	How to delete text, and how to get it back!
* Readline Arguments::		Giving numeric arguments to commands.
* Searching::			Searching through previous lines.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Readline Bare Essentials,  Next: Readline Movement Commands,  Up: Readline Interaction

33.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials
-------------------------------

In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them.  The typed
character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one
space to the right.  If you mistype a character, you can use your erase
character to back up and delete the mistyped character.

   Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error until
you have typed several other characters.  In that case, you can type
‘C-b’ to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake.
Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with ‘C-f’.

   When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that
characters to the right of the cursor are 'pushed over' to make room for
the text that you have inserted.  Likewise, when you delete text behind
the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are 'pulled back' to
fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text.  A list of
the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.

‘C-b’
     Move back one character.
‘C-f’
     Move forward one character.
<DEL> or <Backspace>
     Delete the character to the left of the cursor.
‘C-d’
     Delete the character underneath the cursor.
Printing characters
     Insert the character into the line at the cursor.
‘C-_’ or ‘C-x C-u’
     Undo the last editing command.  You can undo all the way back to an
     empty line.

(Depending on your configuration, the <Backspace> key might be set to
delete the character to the left of the cursor and the <DEL> key set to
delete the character underneath the cursor, like ‘C-d’, rather than the
character to the left of the cursor.)


File: gdb.info,  Node: Readline Movement Commands,  Next: Readline Killing Commands,  Prev: Readline Bare Essentials,  Up: Readline Interaction

33.2.2 Readline Movement Commands
---------------------------------

The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in
order to do editing of the input line.  For your convenience, many other
commands have been added in addition to ‘C-b’, ‘C-f’, ‘C-d’, and <DEL>.
Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.

‘C-a’
     Move to the start of the line.
‘C-e’
     Move to the end of the line.
‘M-f’
     Move forward a word, where a word is composed of letters and
     digits.
‘M-b’
     Move backward a word.
‘C-l’
     Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.

   Notice how ‘C-f’ moves forward a character, while ‘M-f’ moves forward
a word.  It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on
characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Readline Killing Commands,  Next: Readline Arguments,  Prev: Readline Movement Commands,  Up: Readline Interaction

33.2.3 Readline Killing Commands
--------------------------------

“Killing” text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it
away for later use, usually by “yanking” (re-inserting) it back into the
line.  ('Cut' and 'paste' are more recent jargon for 'kill' and 'yank'.)

   If the description for a command says that it 'kills' text, then you
can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same)
place later.

   When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a “kill-ring”.  Any
number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so
that when you yank it back, you get it all.  The kill ring is not line
specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is
available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.

   Here is the list of commands for killing text.

‘C-k’
     Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the
     line.

‘M-d’
     Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or, if between
     words, to the end of the next word.  Word boundaries are the same
     as those used by ‘M-f’.

‘M-<DEL>’
     Kill from the cursor to the start of the current word, or, if
     between words, to the start of the previous word.  Word boundaries
     are the same as those used by ‘M-b’.

‘C-w’
     Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace.  This is different
     than ‘M-<DEL>’ because the word boundaries differ.

   Here is how to “yank” the text back into the line.  Yanking means to
copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.

‘C-y’
     Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the
     cursor.

‘M-y’
     Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.  You can only do this
     if the prior command is ‘C-y’ or ‘M-y’.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Readline Arguments,  Next: Searching,  Prev: Readline Killing Commands,  Up: Readline Interaction

33.2.4 Readline Arguments
-------------------------

You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands.  Sometimes the
argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the
argument that is significant.  If you pass a negative argument to a
command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will
act in a backward direction.  For example, to kill text back to the
start of the line, you might type ‘M-- C-k’.

   The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type
meta digits before the command.  If the first 'digit' typed is a minus
sign (‘-’), then the sign of the argument will be negative.  Once you
have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the
remainder of the digits, and then the command.  For example, to give the
‘C-d’ command an argument of 10, you could type ‘M-1 0 C-d’, which will
delete the next ten characters on the input line.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Searching,  Prev: Readline Arguments,  Up: Readline Interaction

33.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History
--------------------------------------------

Readline provides commands for searching through the command history for
lines containing a specified string.  There are two search modes:
“incremental” and “non-incremental”.

   Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
search string.  As each character of the search string is typed,
Readline displays the next entry from the history matching the string
typed so far.  An incremental search requires only as many characters as
needed to find the desired history entry.  To search backward in the
history for a particular string, type ‘C-r’.  Typing ‘C-s’ searches
forward through the history.  The characters present in the value of the
‘isearch-terminators’ variable are used to terminate an incremental
search.  If that variable has not been assigned a value, the <ESC> and
‘C-J’ characters will terminate an incremental search.  ‘C-g’ will abort
an incremental search and restore the original line.  When the search is
terminated, the history entry containing the search string becomes the
current line.

   To find other matching entries in the history list, type ‘C-r’ or
‘C-s’ as appropriate.  This will search backward or forward in the
history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far.  Any
other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search
and execute that command.  For instance, a <RET> will terminate the
search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the
history list.  A movement command will terminate the search, make the
last line found the current line, and begin editing.

   Readline remembers the last incremental search string.  If two ‘C-r’s
are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search
string, any remembered search string is used.

   Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before
starting to search for matching history lines.  The search string may be
typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Readline Init File,  Next: Bindable Readline Commands,  Prev: Readline Interaction,  Up: Command Line Editing

33.3 Readline Init File
=======================

Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like keybindings
installed by default, it is possible to use a different set of
keybindings.  Any user can customize programs that use Readline by
putting commands in an “inputrc” file, conventionally in their home
directory.  The name of this file is taken from the value of the
environment variable ‘INPUTRC’.  If that variable is unset, the default
is ‘~/.inputrc’.  If that file does not exist or cannot be read, the
ultimate default is ‘/etc/inputrc’.

   When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init
file is read, and the key bindings are set.

   In addition, the ‘C-x C-r’ command re-reads this init file, thus
incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.

* Menu:

* Readline Init File Syntax::	Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.

* Conditional Init Constructs::	Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.

* Sample Init File::		An example inputrc file.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Readline Init File Syntax,  Next: Conditional Init Constructs,  Up: Readline Init File

33.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax
--------------------------------

There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init file.
Blank lines are ignored.  Lines beginning with a ‘#’ are comments.
Lines beginning with a ‘$’ indicate conditional constructs (*note
Conditional Init Constructs::).  Other lines denote variable settings
and key bindings.

Variable Settings
     You can modify the run-time behavior of Readline by altering the
     values of variables in Readline using the ‘set’ command within the
     init file.  The syntax is simple:

          set VARIABLE VALUE

     Here, for example, is how to change from the default Emacs-like key
     binding to use ‘vi’ line editing commands:

          set editing-mode vi

     Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized
     without regard to case.  Unrecognized variable names are ignored.

     Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to
     on if the value is null or empty, ON (case-insensitive), or 1.  Any
     other value results in the variable being set to off.

     A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following
     variables.

     ‘active-region-start-color’
          A string variable that controls the text color and background
          when displaying the text in the active region (see the
          description of ‘enable-active-region’ below).  This string
          must not take up any physical character positions on the
          display, so it should consist only of terminal escape
          sequences.  It is output to the terminal before displaying the
          text in the active region.  This variable is reset to the
          default value whenever the terminal type changes.  The default
          value is the string that puts the terminal in standout mode,
          as obtained from the terminal's terminfo description.  A
          sample value might be ‘\e[01;33m’.

     ‘active-region-end-color’
          A string variable that "undoes" the effects of
          ‘active-region-start-color’ and restores "normal" terminal
          display appearance after displaying text in the active region.
          This string must not take up any physical character positions
          on the display, so it should consist only of terminal escape
          sequences.  It is output to the terminal after displaying the
          text in the active region.  This variable is reset to the
          default value whenever the terminal type changes.  The default
          value is the string that restores the terminal from standout
          mode, as obtained from the terminal's terminfo description.  A
          sample value might be ‘\e[0m’.

     ‘bell-style’
          Controls what happens when Readline wants to ring the terminal
          bell.  If set to ‘none’, Readline never rings the bell.  If
          set to ‘visible’, Readline uses a visible bell if one is
          available.  If set to ‘audible’ (the default), Readline
          attempts to ring the terminal's bell.

     ‘bind-tty-special-chars’
          If set to ‘on’ (the default), Readline attempts to bind the
          control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal
          driver to their Readline equivalents.

     ‘blink-matching-paren’
          If set to ‘on’, Readline attempts to briefly move the cursor
          to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is
          inserted.  The default is ‘off’.

     ‘colored-completion-prefix’
          If set to ‘on’, when listing completions, Readline displays
          the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a
          different color.  The color definitions are taken from the
          value of the ‘LS_COLORS’ environment variable.  If there is a
          color definition in ‘LS_COLORS’ for the custom suffix
          ‘readline-colored-completion-prefix’, Readline uses this color
          for the common prefix instead of its default.  The default is
          ‘off’.

     ‘colored-stats’
          If set to ‘on’, Readline displays possible completions using
          different colors to indicate their file type.  The color
          definitions are taken from the value of the ‘LS_COLORS’
          environment variable.  The default is ‘off’.

     ‘comment-begin’
          The string to insert at the beginning of the line when the
          ‘insert-comment’ command is executed.  The default value is
          ‘"#"’.

     ‘completion-display-width’
          The number of screen columns used to display possible matches
          when performing completion.  The value is ignored if it is
          less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width.  A
          value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line.
          The default value is -1.

     ‘completion-ignore-case’
          If set to ‘on’, Readline performs filename matching and
          completion in a case-insensitive fashion.  The default value
          is ‘off’.

     ‘completion-map-case’
          If set to ‘on’, and COMPLETION-IGNORE-CASE is enabled,
          Readline treats hyphens (‘-’) and underscores (‘_’) as
          equivalent when performing case-insensitive filename matching
          and completion.  The default value is ‘off’.

     ‘completion-prefix-display-length’
          The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of
          possible completions that is displayed without modification.
          When set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer
          than this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying
          possible completions.

     ‘completion-query-items’
          The number of possible completions that determines when the
          user is asked whether the list of possibilities should be
          displayed.  If the number of possible completions is greater
          than or equal to this value, Readline will ask whether or not
          the user wishes to view them; otherwise, they are simply
          listed.  This variable must be set to an integer value greater
          than or equal to zero.  A zero value means Readline should
          never ask; negative values are treated as zero.  The default
          limit is ‘100’.

     ‘convert-meta’
          If set to ‘on’, Readline will convert characters with the
          eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the
          eighth bit and prefixing an <ESC> character, converting them
          to a meta-prefixed key sequence.  The default value is ‘on’,
          but will be set to ‘off’ if the locale is one that contains
          eight-bit characters.  This variable is dependent on the
          ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and may change if the locale is
          changed.

     ‘disable-completion’
          If set to ‘On’, Readline will inhibit word completion.
          Completion characters will be inserted into the line as if
          they had been mapped to ‘self-insert’.  The default is ‘off’.

     ‘echo-control-characters’
          When set to ‘on’, on operating systems that indicate they
          support it, Readline echoes a character corresponding to a
          signal generated from the keyboard.  The default is ‘on’.

     ‘editing-mode’
          The ‘editing-mode’ variable controls which default set of key
          bindings is used.  By default, Readline starts up in Emacs
          editing mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs.
          This variable can be set to either ‘emacs’ or ‘vi’.

     ‘emacs-mode-string’
          If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
          displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
          prompt when emacs editing mode is active.  The value is
          expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and
          control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available.
          Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end sequences of
          non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal
          control sequence into the mode string.  The default is ‘@’.

     ‘enable-active-region’
          The “point” is the current cursor position, and “mark” refers
          to a saved cursor position (*note Commands For Moving::).  The
          text between the point and mark is referred to as the
          “region”.  When this variable is set to ‘On’, Readline allows
          certain commands to designate the region as “active”.  When
          the region is active, Readline highlights the text in the
          region using the value of the ‘active-region-start-color’,
          which defaults to the string that enables the terminal's
          standout mode.  The active region shows the text inserted by
          bracketed-paste and any matching text found by incremental and
          non-incremental history searches.  The default is ‘On’.

     ‘enable-bracketed-paste’
          When set to ‘On’, Readline configures the terminal to insert
          each paste into the editing buffer as a single string of
          characters, instead of treating each character as if it had
          been read from the keyboard.  This is called putting the
          terminal into “bracketed paste mode”; it prevents Readline
          from executing any editing commands bound to key sequences
          appearing in the pasted text.  The default is ‘On’.

     ‘enable-keypad’
          When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable the application
          keypad when it is called.  Some systems need this to enable
          the arrow keys.  The default is ‘off’.

     ‘enable-meta-key’
          When set to ‘on’, Readline will try to enable any meta
          modifier key the terminal claims to support when it is called.
          On many terminals, the meta key is used to send eight-bit
          characters.  The default is ‘on’.

     ‘expand-tilde’
          If set to ‘on’, tilde expansion is performed when Readline
          attempts word completion.  The default is ‘off’.

     ‘history-preserve-point’
          If set to ‘on’, the history code attempts to place the point
          (the current cursor position) at the same location on each
          history line retrieved with ‘previous-history’ or
          ‘next-history’.  The default is ‘off’.

     ‘history-size’
          Set the maximum number of history entries saved in the history
          list.  If set to zero, any existing history entries are
          deleted and no new entries are saved.  If set to a value less
          than zero, the number of history entries is not limited.  By
          default, the number of history entries is not limited.  If an
          attempt is made to set HISTORY-SIZE to a non-numeric value,
          the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.

     ‘horizontal-scroll-mode’
          This variable can be set to either ‘on’ or ‘off’.  Setting it
          to ‘on’ means that the text of the lines being edited will
          scroll horizontally on a single screen line when they are
          longer than the width of the screen, instead of wrapping onto
          a new screen line.  This variable is automatically set to ‘on’
          for terminals of height 1.  By default, this variable is set
          to ‘off’.

     ‘input-meta’
          If set to ‘on’, Readline will enable eight-bit input (it will
          not clear the eighth bit in the characters it reads),
          regardless of what the terminal claims it can support.  The
          default value is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to ‘on’ if
          the locale contains eight-bit characters.  The name
          ‘meta-flag’ is a synonym for this variable.  This variable is
          dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and may change if
          the locale is changed.

     ‘isearch-terminators’
          The string of characters that should terminate an incremental
          search without subsequently executing the character as a
          command (*note Searching::).  If this variable has not been
          given a value, the characters <ESC> and ‘C-J’ will terminate
          an incremental search.

     ‘keymap’
          Sets Readline's idea of the current keymap for key binding
          commands.  Built-in ‘keymap’ names are ‘emacs’,
          ‘emacs-standard’, ‘emacs-meta’, ‘emacs-ctlx’, ‘vi’, ‘vi-move’,
          ‘vi-command’, and ‘vi-insert’.  ‘vi’ is equivalent to
          ‘vi-command’ (‘vi-move’ is also a synonym); ‘emacs’ is
          equivalent to ‘emacs-standard’.  Applications may add
          additional names.  The default value is ‘emacs’.  The value of
          the ‘editing-mode’ variable also affects the default keymap.

     ‘keyseq-timeout’
          Specifies the duration Readline will wait for a character when
          reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a
          complete key sequence using the input read so far, or can take
          additional input to complete a longer key sequence).  If no
          input is received within the timeout, Readline will use the
          shorter but complete key sequence.  Readline uses this value
          to determine whether or not input is available on the current
          input source (‘rl_instream’ by default).  The value is
          specified in milliseconds, so a value of 1000 means that
          Readline will wait one second for additional input.  If this
          variable is set to a value less than or equal to zero, or to a
          non-numeric value, Readline will wait until another key is
          pressed to decide which key sequence to complete.  The default
          value is ‘500’.

     ‘mark-directories’
          If set to ‘on’, completed directory names have a slash
          appended.  The default is ‘on’.

     ‘mark-modified-lines’
          This variable, when set to ‘on’, causes Readline to display an
          asterisk (‘*’) at the start of history lines which have been
          modified.  This variable is ‘off’ by default.

     ‘mark-symlinked-directories’
          If set to ‘on’, completed names which are symbolic links to
          directories have a slash appended (subject to the value of
          ‘mark-directories’).  The default is ‘off’.

     ‘match-hidden-files’
          This variable, when set to ‘on’, causes Readline to match
          files whose names begin with a ‘.’ (hidden files) when
          performing filename completion.  If set to ‘off’, the leading
          ‘.’ must be supplied by the user in the filename to be
          completed.  This variable is ‘on’ by default.

     ‘menu-complete-display-prefix’
          If set to ‘on’, menu completion displays the common prefix of
          the list of possible completions (which may be empty) before
          cycling through the list.  The default is ‘off’.

     ‘output-meta’
          If set to ‘on’, Readline will display characters with the
          eighth bit set directly rather than as a meta-prefixed escape
          sequence.  The default is ‘off’, but Readline will set it to
          ‘on’ if the locale contains eight-bit characters.  This
          variable is dependent on the ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale category, and
          may change if the locale is changed.

     ‘page-completions’
          If set to ‘on’, Readline uses an internal ‘more’-like pager to
          display a screenful of possible completions at a time.  This
          variable is ‘on’ by default.

     ‘print-completions-horizontally’
          If set to ‘on’, Readline will display completions with matches
          sorted horizontally in alphabetical order, rather than down
          the screen.  The default is ‘off’.

     ‘revert-all-at-newline’
          If set to ‘on’, Readline will undo all changes to history
          lines before returning when ‘accept-line’ is executed.  By
          default, history lines may be modified and retain individual
          undo lists across calls to ‘readline()’.  The default is
          ‘off’.

     ‘show-all-if-ambiguous’
          This alters the default behavior of the completion functions.
          If set to ‘on’, words which have more than one possible
          completion cause the matches to be listed immediately instead
          of ringing the bell.  The default value is ‘off’.

     ‘show-all-if-unmodified’
          This alters the default behavior of the completion functions
          in a fashion similar to SHOW-ALL-IF-AMBIGUOUS.  If set to
          ‘on’, words which have more than one possible completion
          without any possible partial completion (the possible
          completions don't share a common prefix) cause the matches to
          be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.  The
          default value is ‘off’.

     ‘show-mode-in-prompt’
          If set to ‘on’, add a string to the beginning of the prompt
          indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi
          insertion.  The mode strings are user-settable (e.g.,
          EMACS-MODE-STRING).  The default value is ‘off’.

     ‘skip-completed-text’
          If set to ‘on’, this alters the default completion behavior
          when inserting a single match into the line.  It's only active
          when performing completion in the middle of a word.  If
          enabled, Readline does not insert characters from the
          completion that match characters after point in the word being
          completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are
          not duplicated.  For instance, if this is enabled, attempting
          completion when the cursor is after the ‘e’ in ‘Makefile’ will
          result in ‘Makefile’ rather than ‘Makefilefile’, assuming
          there is a single possible completion.  The default value is
          ‘off’.

     ‘vi-cmd-mode-string’
          If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
          displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
          prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode.
          The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set
          of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences
          is available.  Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end
          sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
          embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.  The
          default is ‘(cmd)’.

     ‘vi-ins-mode-string’
          If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is
          displayed immediately before the last line of the primary
          prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode.
          The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set
          of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences
          is available.  Use the ‘\1’ and ‘\2’ escapes to begin and end
          sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to
          embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.  The
          default is ‘(ins)’.

     ‘visible-stats’
          If set to ‘on’, a character denoting a file's type is appended
          to the filename when listing possible completions.  The
          default is ‘off’.

Key Bindings
     The syntax for controlling key bindings in the init file is simple.
     First you need to find the name of the command that you want to
     change.  The following sections contain tables of the command name,
     the default keybinding, if any, and a short description of what the
     command does.

     Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line in
     the init file the name of the key you wish to bind the command to,
     a colon, and then the name of the command.  There can be no space
     between the key name and the colon - that will be interpreted as
     part of the key name.  The name of the key can be expressed in
     different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable.

     In addition to command names, Readline allows keys to be bound to a
     string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a MACRO).

     KEYNAME: FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
          KEYNAME is the name of a key spelled out in English.  For
          example:
               Control-u: universal-argument
               Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word
               Control-o: "> output"

          In the example above, ‘C-u’ is bound to the function
          ‘universal-argument’, ‘M-DEL’ is bound to the function
          ‘backward-kill-word’, and ‘C-o’ is bound to run the macro
          expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
          ‘> output’ into the line).

          A number of symbolic character names are recognized while
          processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD,
          NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB.

     "KEYSEQ": FUNCTION-NAME or MACRO
          KEYSEQ differs from KEYNAME above in that strings denoting an
          entire key sequence can be specified, by placing the key
          sequence in double quotes.  Some GNU Emacs style key escapes
          can be used, as in the following example, but the special
          character names are not recognized.

               "\C-u": universal-argument
               "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file
               "\e[11~": "Function Key 1"

          In the above example, ‘C-u’ is again bound to the function
          ‘universal-argument’ (just as it was in the first example),
          ‘‘C-x’ ‘C-r’’ is bound to the function ‘re-read-init-file’,
          and ‘<ESC> <[> <1> <1> <~>’ is bound to insert the text
          ‘Function Key 1’.

     The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when
     specifying key sequences:

     ‘\C-’
          control prefix
     ‘\M-’
          meta prefix
     ‘\e’
          an escape character
     ‘\\’
          backslash
     ‘\"’
          <">, a double quotation mark
     ‘\'’
          <'>, a single quote or apostrophe

     In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set
     of backslash escapes is available:

     ‘\a’
          alert (bell)
     ‘\b’
          backspace
     ‘\d’
          delete
     ‘\f’
          form feed
     ‘\n’
          newline
     ‘\r’
          carriage return
     ‘\t’
          horizontal tab
     ‘\v’
          vertical tab
     ‘\NNN’
          the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN
          (one to three digits)
     ‘\xHH’
          the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value
          HH (one or two hex digits)

     When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be
     used to indicate a macro definition.  Unquoted text is assumed to
     be a function name.  In the macro body, the backslash escapes
     described above are expanded.  Backslash will quote any other
     character in the macro text, including ‘"’ and ‘'’.  For example,
     the following binding will make ‘‘C-x’ \’ insert a single ‘\’ into
     the line:
          "\C-x\\": "\\"


File: gdb.info,  Node: Conditional Init Constructs,  Next: Sample Init File,  Prev: Readline Init File Syntax,  Up: Readline Init File

33.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs
----------------------------------

Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional
compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and
variable settings to be performed as the result of tests.  There are
four parser directives used.

‘$if’
     The ‘$if’ construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing
     mode, the terminal being used, or the application using Readline.
     The text of the test, after any comparison operator, extends to the
     end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required
     to isolate it.

     ‘mode’
          The ‘mode=’ form of the ‘$if’ directive is used to test
          whether Readline is in ‘emacs’ or ‘vi’ mode.  This may be used
          in conjunction with the ‘set keymap’ command, for instance, to
          set bindings in the ‘emacs-standard’ and ‘emacs-ctlx’ keymaps
          only if Readline is starting out in ‘emacs’ mode.

     ‘term’
          The ‘term=’ form may be used to include terminal-specific key
          bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
          terminal's function keys.  The word on the right side of the
          ‘=’ is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
          the portion of the terminal name before the first ‘-’.  This
          allows ‘sun’ to match both ‘sun’ and ‘sun-cmd’, for instance.

     ‘version’
          The ‘version’ test may be used to perform comparisons against
          specific Readline versions.  The ‘version’ expands to the
          current Readline version.  The set of comparison operators
          includes ‘=’ (and ‘==’), ‘!=’, ‘<=’, ‘>=’, ‘<’, and ‘>’.  The
          version number supplied on the right side of the operator
          consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point,
          and an optional minor version (e.g., ‘7.1’).  If the minor
          version is omitted, it is assumed to be ‘0’.  The operator may
          be separated from the string ‘version’ and from the version
          number argument by whitespace.  The following example sets a
          variable if the Readline version being used is 7.0 or newer:
               $if version >= 7.0
               set show-mode-in-prompt on
               $endif

     ‘application’
          The APPLICATION construct is used to include
          application-specific settings.  Each program using the
          Readline library sets the APPLICATION NAME, and you can test
          for a particular value.  This could be used to bind key
          sequences to functions useful for a specific program.  For
          instance, the following command adds a key sequence that
          quotes the current or previous word in Bash:
               $if Bash
               # Quote the current or previous word
               "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
               $endif

     ‘variable’
          The VARIABLE construct provides simple equality tests for
          Readline variables and values.  The permitted comparison
          operators are ‘=’, ‘==’, and ‘!=’.  The variable name must be
          separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the
          operator may be separated from the value on the right hand
          side by whitespace.  Both string and boolean variables may be
          tested.  Boolean variables must be tested against the values
          ON and OFF.  The following example is equivalent to the
          ‘mode=emacs’ test described above:
               $if editing-mode == emacs
               set show-mode-in-prompt on
               $endif

‘$endif’
     This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an ‘$if’
     command.

‘$else’
     Commands in this branch of the ‘$if’ directive are executed if the
     test fails.

‘$include’
     This directive takes a single filename as an argument and reads
     commands and bindings from that file.  For example, the following
     directive reads from ‘/etc/inputrc’:
          $include /etc/inputrc


File: gdb.info,  Node: Sample Init File,  Prev: Conditional Init Constructs,  Up: Readline Init File

33.3.3 Sample Init File
-----------------------

Here is an example of an INPUTRC file.  This illustrates key binding,
variable assignment, and conditional syntax.

     # This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for
     # programs that use the GNU Readline library.  Existing
     # programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB.
     #
     # You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r.
     # Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
     #
     # First, include any system-wide bindings and variable
     # assignments from /etc/Inputrc
     $include /etc/Inputrc

     #
     # Set various bindings for emacs mode.

     set editing-mode emacs

     $if mode=emacs

     Meta-Control-h:	backward-kill-word	Text after the function name is ignored

     #
     # Arrow keys in keypad mode
     #
     #"\M-OD":        backward-char
     #"\M-OC":        forward-char
     #"\M-OA":        previous-history
     #"\M-OB":        next-history
     #
     # Arrow keys in ANSI mode
     #
     "\M-[D":        backward-char
     "\M-[C":        forward-char
     "\M-[A":        previous-history
     "\M-[B":        next-history
     #
     # Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode
     #
     #"\M-\C-OD":       backward-char
     #"\M-\C-OC":       forward-char
     #"\M-\C-OA":       previous-history
     #"\M-\C-OB":       next-history
     #
     # Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode
     #
     #"\M-\C-[D":       backward-char
     #"\M-\C-[C":       forward-char
     #"\M-\C-[A":       previous-history
     #"\M-\C-[B":       next-history

     C-q: quoted-insert

     $endif

     # An old-style binding.  This happens to be the default.
     TAB: complete

     # Macros that are convenient for shell interaction
     $if Bash
     # edit the path
     "\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f"
     # prepare to type a quoted word --
     # insert open and close double quotes
     # and move to just after the open quote
     "\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b"
     # insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes
     # in sequences and macros)
     "\C-x\\": "\\"
     # Quote the current or previous word
     "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\""
     # Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound
     "\C-xr": redraw-current-line
     # Edit variable on current line.
     "\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y="
     $endif

     # use a visible bell if one is available
     set bell-style visible

     # don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading
     set input-meta on

     # allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather
     # than converted to prefix-meta sequences
     set convert-meta off

     # display characters with the eighth bit set directly
     # rather than as meta-prefixed characters
     set output-meta on

     # if there are 150 or more possible completions for a word,
     # ask whether or not the user wants to see all of them
     set completion-query-items 150

     # For FTP
     $if Ftp
     "\C-xg": "get \M-?"
     "\C-xt": "put \M-?"
     "\M-.": yank-last-arg
     $endif


File: gdb.info,  Node: Bindable Readline Commands,  Next: Readline vi Mode,  Prev: Readline Init File,  Up: Command Line Editing

33.4 Bindable Readline Commands
===============================

* Menu:

* Commands For Moving::		Moving about the line.
* Commands For History::	Getting at previous lines.
* Commands For Text::		Commands for changing text.
* Commands For Killing::	Commands for killing and yanking.
* Numeric Arguments::		Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts.
* Commands For Completion::	Getting Readline to do the typing for you.
* Keyboard Macros::		Saving and re-executing typed characters
* Miscellaneous Commands::	Other miscellaneous commands.

This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key
sequences.  Command names without an accompanying key sequence are
unbound by default.

   In the following descriptions, “point” refers to the current cursor
position, and “mark” refers to a cursor position saved by the ‘set-mark’
command.  The text between the point and mark is referred to as the
“region”.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Commands For Moving,  Next: Commands For History,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands

33.4.1 Commands For Moving
--------------------------

‘beginning-of-line (C-a)’
     Move to the start of the current line.

‘end-of-line (C-e)’
     Move to the end of the line.

‘forward-char (C-f)’
     Move forward a character.

‘backward-char (C-b)’
     Move back a character.

‘forward-word (M-f)’
     Move forward to the end of the next word.  Words are composed of
     letters and digits.

‘backward-word (M-b)’
     Move back to the start of the current or previous word.  Words are
     composed of letters and digits.

‘previous-screen-line ()’
     Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
     previous physical screen line.  This will not have the desired
     effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than one
     physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the
     prompt plus the screen width.

‘next-screen-line ()’
     Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the
     next physical screen line.  This will not have the desired effect
     if the current Readline line does not take up more than one
     physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is not
     greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width.

‘clear-display (M-C-l)’
     Clear the screen and, if possible, the terminal's scrollback
     buffer, then redraw the current line, leaving the current line at
     the top of the screen.

‘clear-screen (C-l)’
     Clear the screen, then redraw the current line, leaving the current
     line at the top of the screen.

‘redraw-current-line ()’
     Refresh the current line.  By default, this is unbound.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Commands For History,  Next: Commands For Text,  Prev: Commands For Moving,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands

33.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History
--------------------------------------------

‘accept-line (Newline or Return)’
     Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is.  If this line is
     non-empty, it may be added to the history list for future recall
     with ‘add_history()’.  If this line is a modified history line, the
     history line is restored to its original state.

‘previous-history (C-p)’
     Move 'back' through the history list, fetching the previous
     command.

‘next-history (C-n)’
     Move 'forward' through the history list, fetching the next command.

‘beginning-of-history (M-<)’
     Move to the first line in the history.

‘end-of-history (M->)’
     Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line currently
     being entered.

‘reverse-search-history (C-r)’
     Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
     through the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
     This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the
     mark.

‘forward-search-history (C-s)’
     Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
     through the history as necessary.  This is an incremental search.
     This command sets the region to the matched text and activates the
     mark.

‘non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)’
     Search backward starting at the current line and moving 'up'
     through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for
     a string supplied by the user.  The search string may match
     anywhere in a history line.

‘non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)’
     Search forward starting at the current line and moving 'down'
     through the history as necessary using a non-incremental search for
     a string supplied by the user.  The search string may match
     anywhere in a history line.

‘history-search-forward ()’
     Search forward through the history for the string of characters
     between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
     string must match at the beginning of a history line.  This is a
     non-incremental search.  By default, this command is unbound.

‘history-search-backward ()’
     Search backward through the history for the string of characters
     between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
     string must match at the beginning of a history line.  This is a
     non-incremental search.  By default, this command is unbound.

‘history-substring-search-forward ()’
     Search forward through the history for the string of characters
     between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
     string may match anywhere in a history line.  This is a
     non-incremental search.  By default, this command is unbound.

‘history-substring-search-backward ()’
     Search backward through the history for the string of characters
     between the start of the current line and the point.  The search
     string may match anywhere in a history line.  This is a
     non-incremental search.  By default, this command is unbound.

‘yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)’
     Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the
     second word on the previous line) at point.  With an argument N,
     insert the Nth word from the previous command (the words in the
     previous command begin with word 0).  A negative argument inserts
     the Nth word from the end of the previous command.  Once the
     argument N is computed, the argument is extracted as if the ‘!N’
     history expansion had been specified.

‘yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)’
     Insert last argument to the previous command (the last word of the
     previous history entry).  With a numeric argument, behave exactly
     like ‘yank-nth-arg’.  Successive calls to ‘yank-last-arg’ move back
     through the history list, inserting the last word (or the word
     specified by the argument to the first call) of each line in turn.
     Any numeric argument supplied to these successive calls determines
     the direction to move through the history.  A negative argument
     switches the direction through the history (back or forward).  The
     history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
     as if the ‘!$’ history expansion had been specified.

‘operate-and-get-next (C-o)’
     Accept the current line for return to the calling application as if
     a newline had been entered, and fetch the next line relative to the
     current line from the history for editing.  A numeric argument, if
     supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead of the current
     line.

‘fetch-history ()’
     With a numeric argument, fetch that entry from the history list and
     make it the current line.  Without an argument, move back to the
     first entry in the history list.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Commands For Text,  Next: Commands For Killing,  Prev: Commands For History,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands

33.4.3 Commands For Changing Text
---------------------------------

‘end-of-file (usually C-d)’
     The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by
     ‘stty’.  If this character is read when there are no characters on
     the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline
     interprets it as the end of input and returns EOF.

‘delete-char (C-d)’
     Delete the character at point.  If this function is bound to the
     same character as the tty EOF character, as ‘C-d’ commonly is, see
     above for the effects.

‘backward-delete-char (Rubout)’
     Delete the character behind the cursor.  A numeric argument means
     to kill the characters instead of deleting them.

‘forward-backward-delete-char ()’
     Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the
     end of the line, in which case the character behind the cursor is
     deleted.  By default, this is not bound to a key.

‘quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)’
     Add the next character typed to the line verbatim.  This is how to
     insert key sequences like ‘C-q’, for example.

‘tab-insert (M-<TAB>)’
     Insert a tab character.

‘self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)’
     Insert yourself.

‘bracketed-paste-begin ()’
     This function is intended to be bound to the "bracketed paste"
     escape sequence sent by some terminals, and such a binding is
     assigned by default.  It allows Readline to insert the pasted text
     as a single unit without treating each character as if it had been
     read from the keyboard.  The characters are inserted as if each one
     was bound to ‘self-insert’ instead of executing any editing
     commands.

     Bracketed paste sets the region (the characters between point and
     the mark) to the inserted text.  It uses the concept of an _active
     mark_: when the mark is active, Readline redisplay uses the
     terminal's standout mode to denote the region.

‘transpose-chars (C-t)’
     Drag the character before the cursor forward over the character at
     the cursor, moving the cursor forward as well.  If the insertion
     point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the last two
     characters of the line.  Negative arguments have no effect.

‘transpose-words (M-t)’
     Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point
     past that word as well.  If the insertion point is at the end of
     the line, this transposes the last two words on the line.

‘upcase-word (M-u)’
     Uppercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative
     argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.

‘downcase-word (M-l)’
     Lowercase the current (or following) word.  With a negative
     argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move the cursor.

‘capitalize-word (M-c)’
     Capitalize the current (or following) word.  With a negative
     argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move the cursor.

‘overwrite-mode ()’
     Toggle overwrite mode.  With an explicit positive numeric argument,
     switches to overwrite mode.  With an explicit non-positive numeric
     argument, switches to insert mode.  This command affects only
     ‘emacs’ mode; ‘vi’ mode does overwrite differently.  Each call to
     ‘readline()’ starts in insert mode.

     In overwrite mode, characters bound to ‘self-insert’ replace the
     text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
     Characters bound to ‘backward-delete-char’ replace the character
     before point with a space.

     By default, this command is unbound.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Commands For Killing,  Next: Numeric Arguments,  Prev: Commands For Text,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands

33.4.4 Killing And Yanking
--------------------------

‘kill-line (C-k)’
     Kill the text from point to the end of the line.  With a negative
     numeric argument, kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of
     the current line.

‘backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)’
     Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
     With a negative numeric argument, kill forward from the cursor to
     the end of the current line.

‘unix-line-discard (C-u)’
     Kill backward from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.

‘kill-whole-line ()’
     Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.
     By default, this is unbound.

‘kill-word (M-d)’
     Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between
     words, to the end of the next word.  Word boundaries are the same
     as ‘forward-word’.

‘backward-kill-word (M-<DEL>)’
     Kill the word behind point.  Word boundaries are the same as
     ‘backward-word’.

‘shell-transpose-words (M-C-t)’
     Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving point
     past that word as well.  If the insertion point is at the end of
     the line, this transposes the last two words on the line.  Word
     boundaries are the same as ‘shell-forward-word’ and
     ‘shell-backward-word’.

‘unix-word-rubout (C-w)’
     Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word boundary.
     The killed text is saved on the kill-ring.

‘unix-filename-rubout ()’
     Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash
     character as the word boundaries.  The killed text is saved on the
     kill-ring.

‘delete-horizontal-space ()’
     Delete all spaces and tabs around point.  By default, this is
     unbound.

‘kill-region ()’
     Kill the text in the current region.  By default, this command is
     unbound.

‘copy-region-as-kill ()’
     Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer, so it can be yanked
     right away.  By default, this command is unbound.

‘copy-backward-word ()’
     Copy the word before point to the kill buffer.  The word boundaries
     are the same as ‘backward-word’.  By default, this command is
     unbound.

‘copy-forward-word ()’
     Copy the word following point to the kill buffer.  The word
     boundaries are the same as ‘forward-word’.  By default, this
     command is unbound.

‘yank (C-y)’
     Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.

‘yank-pop (M-y)’
     Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top.  You can only do this
     if the prior command is ‘yank’ or ‘yank-pop’.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Numeric Arguments,  Next: Commands For Completion,  Prev: Commands For Killing,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands

33.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments
-----------------------------------

‘digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)’
     Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new
     argument.  ‘M--’ starts a negative argument.

‘universal-argument ()’
     This is another way to specify an argument.  If this command is
     followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus
     sign, those digits define the argument.  If the command is followed
     by digits, executing ‘universal-argument’ again ends the numeric
     argument, but is otherwise ignored.  As a special case, if this
     command is immediately followed by a character that is neither a
     digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next command is
     multiplied by four.  The argument count is initially one, so
     executing this function the first time makes the argument count
     four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on.
     By default, this is not bound to a key.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Commands For Completion,  Next: Keyboard Macros,  Prev: Numeric Arguments,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands

33.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You
------------------------------------

‘complete (<TAB>)’
     Attempt to perform completion on the text before point.  The actual
     completion performed is application-specific.  The default is
     filename completion.

‘possible-completions (M-?)’
     List the possible completions of the text before point.  When
     displaying completions, Readline sets the number of columns used
     for display to the value of ‘completion-display-width’, the value
     of the environment variable ‘COLUMNS’, or the screen width, in that
     order.

‘insert-completions (M-*)’
     Insert all completions of the text before point that would have
     been generated by ‘possible-completions’.

‘menu-complete ()’
     Similar to ‘complete’, but replaces the word to be completed with a
     single match from the list of possible completions.  Repeated
     execution of ‘menu-complete’ steps through the list of possible
     completions, inserting each match in turn.  At the end of the list
     of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of
     ‘bell-style’) and the original text is restored.  An argument of N
     moves N positions forward in the list of matches; a negative
     argument may be used to move backward through the list.  This
     command is intended to be bound to <TAB>, but is unbound by
     default.

‘menu-complete-backward ()’
     Identical to ‘menu-complete’, but moves backward through the list
     of possible completions, as if ‘menu-complete’ had been given a
     negative argument.

‘delete-char-or-list ()’
     Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning or
     end of the line (like ‘delete-char’).  If at the end of the line,
     behaves identically to ‘possible-completions’.  This command is
     unbound by default.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Keyboard Macros,  Next: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Commands For Completion,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands

33.4.7 Keyboard Macros
----------------------

‘start-kbd-macro (C-x ()’
     Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro.

‘end-kbd-macro (C-x ))’
     Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro
     and save the definition.

‘call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)’
     Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the
     characters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard.

‘print-last-kbd-macro ()’
     Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the
     INPUTRC file.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Miscellaneous Commands,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up: Bindable Readline Commands

33.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands
----------------------------------

‘re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)’
     Read in the contents of the INPUTRC file, and incorporate any
     bindings or variable assignments found there.

‘abort (C-g)’
     Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell
     (subject to the setting of ‘bell-style’).

‘do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...)’
     If the metafied character X is upper case, run the command that is
     bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character.  The
     behavior is undefined if X is already lower case.

‘prefix-meta (<ESC>)’
     Metafy the next character typed.  This is for keyboards without a
     meta key.  Typing ‘<ESC> f’ is equivalent to typing ‘M-f’.

‘undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)’
     Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.

‘revert-line (M-r)’
     Undo all changes made to this line.  This is like executing the
     ‘undo’ command enough times to get back to the beginning.

‘tilde-expand (M-~)’
     Perform tilde expansion on the current word.

‘set-mark (C-@)’
     Set the mark to the point.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the
     mark is set to that position.

‘exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)’
     Swap the point with the mark.  The current cursor position is set
     to the saved position, and the old cursor position is saved as the
     mark.

‘character-search (C-])’
     A character is read and point is moved to the next occurrence of
     that character.  A negative argument searches for previous
     occurrences.

‘character-search-backward (M-C-])’
     A character is read and point is moved to the previous occurrence
     of that character.  A negative argument searches for subsequent
     occurrences.

‘skip-csi-sequence ()’
     Read enough characters to consume a multi-key sequence such as
     those defined for keys like Home and End.  Such sequences begin
     with a Control Sequence Indicator (CSI), usually ESC-[.  If this
     sequence is bound to "\e[", keys producing such sequences will have
     no effect unless explicitly bound to a Readline command, instead of
     inserting stray characters into the editing buffer.  This is
     unbound by default, but usually bound to ESC-[.

‘insert-comment (M-#)’
     Without a numeric argument, the value of the ‘comment-begin’
     variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.  If a
     numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if the
     characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value of
     ‘comment-begin’, the value is inserted, otherwise the characters in
     ‘comment-begin’ are deleted from the beginning of the line.  In
     either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.

‘dump-functions ()’
     Print all of the functions and their key bindings to the Readline
     output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the output is
     formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
     file.  This command is unbound by default.

‘dump-variables ()’
     Print all of the settable variables and their values to the
     Readline output stream.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the
     output is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an
     INPUTRC file.  This command is unbound by default.

‘dump-macros ()’
     Print all of the Readline key sequences bound to macros and the
     strings they output.  If a numeric argument is supplied, the output
     is formatted in such a way that it can be made part of an INPUTRC
     file.  This command is unbound by default.

‘emacs-editing-mode (C-e)’
     When in ‘vi’ command mode, this causes a switch to ‘emacs’ editing
     mode.

‘vi-editing-mode (M-C-j)’
     When in ‘emacs’ editing mode, this causes a switch to ‘vi’ editing
     mode.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Readline vi Mode,  Prev: Bindable Readline Commands,  Up: Command Line Editing

33.5 Readline vi Mode
=====================

While the Readline library does not have a full set of ‘vi’ editing
functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line.
The Readline ‘vi’ mode behaves as specified in the POSIX standard.

   In order to switch interactively between ‘emacs’ and ‘vi’ editing
modes, use the command ‘M-C-j’ (bound to emacs-editing-mode when in ‘vi’
mode and to vi-editing-mode in ‘emacs’ mode).  The Readline default is
‘emacs’ mode.

   When you enter a line in ‘vi’ mode, you are already placed in
'insertion' mode, as if you had typed an ‘i’.  Pressing <ESC> switches
you into 'command' mode, where you can edit the text of the line with
the standard ‘vi’ movement keys, move to previous history lines with ‘k’
and subsequent lines with ‘j’, and so forth.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Using History Interactively,  Next: In Memoriam,  Prev: Command Line Editing,  Up: Top

34 Using History Interactively
******************************

This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively,
from a user's standpoint.  It should be considered a user's guide.  For
information on using the GNU History Library in your own programs, *note
(history)Programming with GNU History::.

* Menu:

* History Interaction::		What it feels like using History as a user.


File: gdb.info,  Node: History Interaction,  Up: Using History Interactively

34.1 History Expansion
======================

The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar
to the history expansion provided by ‘csh’.  This section describes the
syntax used to manipulate the history information.

   History expansions introduce words from the history list into the
input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to
a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in
previous commands quickly.

   History expansion takes place in two parts.  The first is to
determine which line from the history list should be used during
substitution.  The second is to select portions of that line for
inclusion into the current one.  The line selected from the history is
called the “event”, and the portions of that line that are acted upon
are called “words”.  Various “modifiers” are available to manipulate the
selected words.  The line is broken into words in the same fashion that
Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one
word.  History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the
history expansion character, which is ‘!’ by default.

   History expansion implements shell-like quoting conventions: a
backslash can be used to remove the special handling for the next
character; single quotes enclose verbatim sequences of characters, and
can be used to inhibit history expansion; and characters enclosed within
double quotes may be subject to history expansion, since backslash can
escape the history expansion character, but single quotes may not, since
they are not treated specially within double quotes.

* Menu:

* Event Designators::	How to specify which history line to use.
* Word Designators::	Specifying which words are of interest.
* Modifiers::		Modifying the results of substitution.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Event Designators,  Next: Word Designators,  Up: History Interaction

34.1.1 Event Designators
------------------------

An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the
history list.  Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to
the current position in the history list.

‘!’
     Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab,
     the end of the line, or ‘=’.

‘!N’
     Refer to command line N.

‘!-N’
     Refer to the command N lines back.

‘!!’
     Refer to the previous command.  This is a synonym for ‘!-1’.

‘!STRING’
     Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
     the history list starting with STRING.

‘!?STRING[?]’
     Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in
     the history list containing STRING.  The trailing ‘?’ may be
     omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline.  If
     STRING is missing, the string from the most recent search is used;
     it is an error if there is no previous search string.

‘^STRING1^STRING2^’
     Quick Substitution.  Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1
     with STRING2.  Equivalent to ‘!!:s^STRING1^STRING2^’.

‘!#’
     The entire command line typed so far.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Word Designators,  Next: Modifiers,  Prev: Event Designators,  Up: History Interaction

34.1.2 Word Designators
-----------------------

Word designators are used to select desired words from the event.  A ‘:’
separates the event specification from the word designator.  It may be
omitted if the word designator begins with a ‘^’, ‘$’, ‘*’, ‘-’, or ‘%’.
Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word
being denoted by 0 (zero).  Words are inserted into the current line
separated by single spaces.

   For example,

‘!!’
     designates the preceding command.  When you type this, the
     preceding command is repeated in toto.

‘!!:$’
     designates the last argument of the preceding command.  This may be
     shortened to ‘!$’.

‘!fi:2’
     designates the second argument of the most recent command starting
     with the letters ‘fi’.

   Here are the word designators:

‘0 (zero)’
     The ‘0’th word.  For many applications, this is the command word.

‘N’
     The Nth word.

‘^’
     The first argument; that is, word 1.

‘$’
     The last argument.

‘%’
     The first word matched by the most recent ‘?STRING?’ search, if the
     search string begins with a character that is part of a word.

‘X-Y’
     A range of words; ‘-Y’ abbreviates ‘0-Y’.

‘*’
     All of the words, except the ‘0’th.  This is a synonym for ‘1-$’.
     It is not an error to use ‘*’ if there is just one word in the
     event; the empty string is returned in that case.

‘X*’
     Abbreviates ‘X-$’

‘X-’
     Abbreviates ‘X-$’ like ‘X*’, but omits the last word.  If ‘x’ is
     missing, it defaults to 0.

   If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the
previous command is used as the event.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Modifiers,  Prev: Word Designators,  Up: History Interaction

34.1.3 Modifiers
----------------

After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or
more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a ‘:’.  These modify,
or edit, the word or words selected from the history event.

‘h’
     Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head.

‘t’
     Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail.

‘r’
     Remove a trailing suffix of the form ‘.SUFFIX’, leaving the
     basename.

‘e’
     Remove all but the trailing suffix.

‘p’
     Print the new command but do not execute it.

‘s/OLD/NEW/’
     Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line.
     Any character may be used as the delimiter in place of ‘/’.  The
     delimiter may be quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash.  If
     ‘&’ appears in NEW, it is replaced by OLD.  A single backslash will
     quote the ‘&’.  If OLD is null, it is set to the last OLD
     substituted, or, if no previous history substitutions took place,
     the last STRING in a !?STRING‘[?]’ search.  If NEW is null, each
     matching OLD is deleted.  The final delimiter is optional if it is
     the last character on the input line.

‘&’
     Repeat the previous substitution.

‘g’
‘a’
     Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line.  Used in
     conjunction with ‘s’, as in ‘gs/OLD/NEW/’, or with ‘&’.

‘G’
     Apply the following ‘s’ or ‘&’ modifier once to each word in the
     event.


File: gdb.info,  Node: In Memoriam,  Next: Formatting Documentation,  Prev: Using History Interactively,  Up: Top

Appendix A In Memoriam
**********************

The GDB project mourns the loss of the following long-time contributors:

‘Fred Fish’
     Fred was a long-standing contributor to GDB (1991-2006), and to
     Free Software in general.  Outside of GDB, he was known in the
     Amiga world for his series of Fish Disks, and the GeekGadget
     project.

‘Michael Snyder’
     Michael was one of the Global Maintainers of the GDB project, with
     contributions recorded as early as 1996, until 2011.  In addition
     to his day to day participation, he was a large driving force
     behind adding Reverse Debugging to GDB.

   Beyond their technical contributions to the project, they were also
enjoyable members of the Free Software Community.  We will miss them.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Formatting Documentation,  Next: Installing GDB,  Prev: In Memoriam,  Up: Top

Appendix B Formatting Documentation
***********************************

The GDB 4 release includes an already-formatted reference card, ready
for printing with PostScript or Ghostscript, in the ‘gdb’ subdirectory
of the main source directory(1).  If you can use PostScript or
Ghostscript with your printer, you can print the reference card
immediately with ‘refcard.ps’.

   The release also includes the source for the reference card.  You can
format it, using TeX, by typing:

     make refcard.dvi

   The GDB reference card is designed to print in “landscape” mode on US
"letter" size paper; that is, on a sheet 11 inches wide by 8.5 inches
high.  You will need to specify this form of printing as an option to
your DVI output program.

   All the documentation for GDB comes as part of the machine-readable
distribution.  The documentation is written in Texinfo format, which is
a documentation system that uses a single source file to produce both
on-line information and a printed manual.  You can use one of the Info
formatting commands to create the on-line version of the documentation
and TeX (or ‘texi2roff’) to typeset the printed version.

   GDB includes an already formatted copy of the on-line Info version of
this manual in the ‘gdb’ subdirectory.  The main Info file is
‘gdb-17.2/gdb/gdb.info’, and it refers to subordinate files matching
‘gdb.info*’ in the same directory.  If necessary, you can print out
these files, or read them with any editor; but they are easier to read
using the ‘info’ subsystem in GNU Emacs or the standalone ‘info’
program, available as part of the GNU Texinfo distribution.

   If you want to format these Info files yourself, you need one of the
Info formatting programs, such as ‘texinfo-format-buffer’ or ‘makeinfo’.

   If you have ‘makeinfo’ installed, and are in the top level GDB source
directory (‘gdb-17.2’, in the case of version 17.2), you can make the
Info file by typing:

     cd gdb
     make gdb.info

   If you want to typeset and print copies of this manual, you need TeX,
a program to print its DVI output files, and ‘texinfo.tex’, the Texinfo
definitions file.

   TeX is a typesetting program; it does not print files directly, but
produces output files called DVI files.  To print a typeset document,
you need a program to print DVI files.  If your system has TeX
installed, chances are it has such a program.  The precise command to
use depends on your system; ‘lpr -d’ is common; another (for PostScript
devices) is ‘dvips’.  The DVI print command may require a file name
without any extension or a ‘.dvi’ extension.

   TeX also requires a macro definitions file called ‘texinfo.tex’.
This file tells TeX how to typeset a document written in Texinfo format.
On its own, TeX cannot either read or typeset a Texinfo file.
‘texinfo.tex’ is distributed with GDB and is located in the
‘gdb-VERSION-NUMBER/texinfo’ directory.

   If you have TeX and a DVI printer program installed, you can typeset
and print this manual.  First switch to the ‘gdb’ subdirectory of the
main source directory (for example, to ‘gdb-17.2/gdb’) and type:

     make gdb.dvi

   Then give ‘gdb.dvi’ to your DVI printing program.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1) In ‘gdb-17.2/gdb/refcard.ps’ of the version 17.2 release.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Installing GDB,  Next: Maintenance Commands,  Prev: Formatting Documentation,  Up: Top

Appendix C Installing GDB
*************************

* Menu:

* Requirements::                Requirements for building GDB
* Running Configure::           Invoking the GDB ‘configure’ script
* Separate Objdir::             Compiling GDB in another directory
* Config Names::                Specifying names for hosts and targets
* Configure Options::           Summary of options for configure
* System-wide configuration::   Having a system-wide init file


File: gdb.info,  Node: Requirements,  Next: Running Configure,  Up: Installing GDB

C.1 Requirements for Building GDB
=================================

Building GDB requires various tools and packages to be available.  Other
packages will be used only if they are found.

Tools/Packages Necessary for Building GDB
=========================================

C++17 compiler
     GDB is written in C++17.  It should be buildable with any recent
     C++17 compiler, e.g. GCC.

GNU make
     GDB's build system relies on features only found in the GNU make
     program.  Other variants of ‘make’ will not work.

Libraries
     The following libraries are mandatory for building GDB.  The
     ‘configure’ script searches for each of these libraries in several
     standard locations; if some library is installed in an unusual
     place, you can use either the ‘--with-LIB’ ‘configure’ option to
     specify its installation directory, or the two separate options
     ‘---with-LIBRARY-include’ (to specify the location of its header
     files) and ‘--with-LIBRARY-lib’ (to specify the location of its
     libraries).  For example, for the GMP library, the 3 options are
     ‘--with-gmp’, ‘--with-gmp-include’, and ‘--with-gmp-lib’.  *Note
     Configure Options::.  We mention below the home site of each
     library, so that you could download and install them if your system
     doesn't already include them.

     GMP (The GNU Multiple Precision arithmetic library)
          GDB uses GMP to perform some of its extended-precision
          arithmetic.  The latest version of GMP is available from
          <https://gmplib.org/>.

     MPFR (The GNU Multiple-precision floating-point library)
          GDB uses MPFR to emulate the target floating-point arithmetic
          during expression evaluation, if the target uses different
          floating-point formats than the host.  The latest version of
          MPFR is available from <http://www.mpfr.org>.

Tools/Packages Optional for Building GDB
========================================

The tools/packages and libraries listed below are optional; GDB can be
build without them, at the expense of some run-time functionality that
will be missing.  As above, we list the home sites for each
package/library, and the command-line options supported by the
‘configure’ script to specify their installation directories if they are
non-standard.  In addition, for each package you can use the option
‘--with-PACKAGE’ to force GDB to be compiled with the named PACKAGE, and
‘--without-PACKAGE’ to disable building with it even if it is available.
*Note Configure Options::, for detailed description of the options to
‘configure’.

Python
     GDB can be scripted using Python language.  *Note Python::.  The
     latest version is available from
     <https://www.python.org/downloads/>.  Use the ‘--with-python=DIR’
     to specify the non-standard directory where Python is installed.

Guile
     GDB can also be scripted using GNU Guile.  *Note Guile::.  The
     latest version can be found on
     <https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/download/>.  If you have more
     than one version of Guile installed, use the
     ‘--with-guile=GUILE-VERSION’ to specify the Guile version to
     include in the build.

Expat
     If available, GDB uses the Expat library for parsing XML files.
     GDB uses XML files for the following functionalities:

        • Remote protocol memory maps (*note Memory Map Format::)
        • Target descriptions (*note Target Descriptions::)
        • Remote shared library lists (*Note Library List Format::, or
          alternatively *note Library List Format for SVR4 Targets::)
        • MS-Windows shared libraries (*note Shared Libraries::)
        • Traceframe info (*note Traceframe Info Format::)
        • Branch trace (*note Branch Trace Format::, *note Branch Trace
          Configuration Format::)

     The latest version of Expat is available from
     <http://expat.sourceforge.net>.  Use the ‘--with-libexpat-prefix’
     to specify non-standard installation places for Expat.

iconv
     GDB's features related to character sets (*note Character Sets::)
     require a functioning ‘iconv’ implementation.  If you are on a GNU
     system, then this is provided by the GNU C Library.  Some other
     systems also provide a working ‘iconv’.  Use the option
     ‘--with-iconv-bin’ to specify where to find the ‘iconv’ program.

     On systems without ‘iconv’, you can install the GNU Libiconv
     library; its latest version can be found on
     <https://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libiconv/> if your system doesn't
     provide it.  Use the ‘--with-libiconv-prefix’ option to ‘configure’
     to specify non-standard installation place for it.

     Alternatively, GDB's top-level ‘configure’ and ‘Makefile’ will
     arrange to build Libiconv if a directory named ‘libiconv’ appears
     in the top-most source directory.  If Libiconv is built this way,
     and if the operating system does not provide a suitable ‘iconv’
     implementation, then the just-built library will automatically be
     used by GDB.  One easy way to set this up is to download GNU
     Libiconv, unpack it inside the top-level directory of the GDB
     source tree, and then rename the directory holding the Libiconv
     source code to ‘libiconv’.

lzma
     GDB can support debugging sections that are compressed with the
     LZMA library.  *Note MiniDebugInfo::.  If this library is not
     included with your operating system, you can find it in the xz
     package at <http://tukaani.org/xz/>.  Use the
     ‘--with-liblzma-prefix’ option to specify its non-standard
     location.

zlib
     GDB will use the ‘zlib’ library, if available, to read compressed
     debug sections.  Some linkers, such as GNU ‘gold’, are capable of
     producing binaries with compressed debug sections.  If GDB is
     compiled with ‘zlib’, it will be able to read the debug information
     in such binaries.

     The ‘zlib’ library is likely included with your operating system
     distribution; if it is not, you can get the latest version from
     <http://zlib.net>.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Running Configure,  Next: Separate Objdir,  Prev: Requirements,  Up: Installing GDB

C.2 Invoking the GDB ‘configure’ Script
=======================================

GDB comes with a ‘configure’ script that automates the process of
preparing GDB for installation; you can then use ‘make’ to build the
‘gdb’ program.

   The GDB distribution includes all the source code you need for GDB in
a single directory, whose name is usually composed by appending the
version number to ‘gdb’.

   For example, the GDB version 17.2 distribution is in the ‘gdb-17.2’
directory.  That directory contains:

‘gdb-17.2/configure (and supporting files)’
     script for configuring GDB and all its supporting libraries

‘gdb-17.2/gdb’
     the source specific to GDB itself

‘gdb-17.2/bfd’
     source for the Binary File Descriptor library

‘gdb-17.2/include’
     GNU include files

‘gdb-17.2/libiberty’
     source for the ‘-liberty’ free software library

‘gdb-17.2/opcodes’
     source for the library of opcode tables and disassemblers

‘gdb-17.2/readline’
     source for the GNU command-line interface

   There may be other subdirectories as well.

   The simplest way to configure and build GDB is to run ‘configure’
from the ‘gdb-VERSION-NUMBER’ source directory, which in this example is
the ‘gdb-17.2’ directory.

   First switch to the ‘gdb-VERSION-NUMBER’ source directory if you are
not already in it; then run ‘configure’.  Pass the identifier for the
platform on which GDB will run as an argument.

   For example:

     cd gdb-17.2
     ./configure
     make

   Running ‘configure’ and then running ‘make’ builds the included
supporting libraries, then ‘gdb’ itself.  The configured source files,
and the binaries, are left in the corresponding source directories.

   ‘configure’ is a Bourne-shell (‘/bin/sh’) script; if your system does
not recognize this automatically when you run a different shell, you may
need to run ‘sh’ on it explicitly:

     sh configure

   You should run the ‘configure’ script from the top directory in the
source tree, the ‘gdb-VERSION-NUMBER’ directory.  If you run ‘configure’
from one of the subdirectories, you will configure only that
subdirectory.  That is usually not what you want.  In particular, if you
run the first ‘configure’ from the ‘gdb’ subdirectory of the
‘gdb-VERSION-NUMBER’ directory, you will omit the configuration of
‘bfd’, ‘readline’, and other sibling directories of the ‘gdb’
subdirectory.  This leads to build errors about missing include files
such as ‘bfd/bfd.h’.

   You can install ‘GDB’ anywhere.  The best way to do this is to pass
the ‘--prefix’ option to ‘configure’, and then install it with ‘make
install’.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Separate Objdir,  Next: Config Names,  Prev: Running Configure,  Up: Installing GDB

C.3 Compiling GDB in Another Directory
======================================

If you want to run GDB versions for several host or target machines, you
need a different ‘gdb’ compiled for each combination of host and target.
‘configure’ is designed to make this easy by allowing you to generate
each configuration in a separate subdirectory, rather than in the source
directory.  If your ‘make’ program handles the ‘VPATH’ feature (GNU
‘make’ does), running ‘make’ in each of these directories builds the
‘gdb’ program specified there.

   To build ‘gdb’ in a separate directory, run ‘configure’ with the
‘--srcdir’ option to specify where to find the source.  (You also need
to specify a path to find ‘configure’ itself from your working
directory.  If the path to ‘configure’ would be the same as the argument
to ‘--srcdir’, you can leave out the ‘--srcdir’ option; it is assumed.)

   For example, with version 17.2, you can build GDB in a separate
directory for a Sun 4 like this:

     cd gdb-17.2
     mkdir ../gdb-sun4
     cd ../gdb-sun4
     ../gdb-17.2/configure
     make

   When ‘configure’ builds a configuration using a remote source
directory, it creates a tree for the binaries with the same structure
(and using the same names) as the tree under the source directory.  In
the example, you'd find the Sun 4 library ‘libiberty.a’ in the directory
‘gdb-sun4/libiberty’, and GDB itself in ‘gdb-sun4/gdb’.

   Make sure that your path to the ‘configure’ script has just one
instance of ‘gdb’ in it.  If your path to ‘configure’ looks like
‘../gdb-17.2/gdb/configure’, you are configuring only one subdirectory
of GDB, not the whole package.  This leads to build errors about missing
include files such as ‘bfd/bfd.h’.

   One popular reason to build several GDB configurations in separate
directories is to configure GDB for cross-compiling (where GDB runs on
one machine--the “host”--while debugging programs that run on another
machine--the “target”).  You specify a cross-debugging target by giving
the ‘--target=TARGET’ option to ‘configure’.

   When you run ‘make’ to build a program or library, you must run it in
a configured directory--whatever directory you were in when you called
‘configure’ (or one of its subdirectories).

   The ‘Makefile’ that ‘configure’ generates in each source directory
also runs recursively.  If you type ‘make’ in a source directory such as
‘gdb-17.2’ (or in a separate configured directory configured with
‘--srcdir=DIRNAME/gdb-17.2’), you will build all the required libraries,
and then build GDB.

   When you have multiple hosts or targets configured in separate
directories, you can run ‘make’ on them in parallel (for example, if
they are NFS-mounted on each of the hosts); they will not interfere with
each other.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Config Names,  Next: Configure Options,  Prev: Separate Objdir,  Up: Installing GDB

C.4 Specifying Names for Hosts and Targets
==========================================

The specifications used for hosts and targets in the ‘configure’ script
are based on a three-part naming scheme, but some short predefined
aliases are also supported.  The full naming scheme encodes three pieces
of information in the following pattern:

     ARCHITECTURE-VENDOR-OS

   For example, you can use the alias ‘sun4’ as a HOST argument, or as
the value for TARGET in a ‘--target=TARGET’ option.  The equivalent full
name is ‘sparc-sun-sunos4’.

   The ‘configure’ script accompanying GDB does not provide any query
facility to list all supported host and target names or aliases.
‘configure’ calls the Bourne shell script ‘config.sub’ to map
abbreviations to full names; you can read the script, if you wish, or
you can use it to test your guesses on abbreviations--for example:

     % sh config.sub i386-linux
     i386-pc-linux-gnu
     % sh config.sub alpha-linux
     alpha-unknown-linux-gnu
     % sh config.sub hp9k700
     hppa1.1-hp-hpux
     % sh config.sub sun4
     sparc-sun-sunos4.1.1
     % sh config.sub sun3
     m68k-sun-sunos4.1.1
     % sh config.sub i986v
     Invalid configuration `i986v': machine `i986v' not recognized

‘config.sub’ is also distributed in the GDB source directory
(‘gdb-17.2’, for version 17.2).


File: gdb.info,  Node: Configure Options,  Next: System-wide configuration,  Prev: Config Names,  Up: Installing GDB

C.5 ‘configure’ Options
=======================

Here is a summary of the ‘configure’ options and arguments that are most
often useful for building GDB.  ‘configure’ also has several other
options not listed here.  *Note (autoconf)Running configure Scripts::,
for a full explanation of ‘configure’.

     configure [--help]
               [--prefix=DIR]
               [--exec-prefix=DIR]
               [--srcdir=DIRNAME]
               [--target=TARGET]

You may introduce options with a single ‘-’ rather than ‘--’ if you
prefer; but you may abbreviate option names if you use ‘--’.

‘--help’
     Display a quick summary of how to invoke ‘configure’.

‘--prefix=DIR’
     Configure the source to install programs and files under directory
     ‘DIR’.

‘--exec-prefix=DIR’
     Configure the source to install programs under directory ‘DIR’.

‘--srcdir=DIRNAME’
     Use this option to make configurations in directories separate from
     the GDB source directories.  Among other things, you can use this
     to build (or maintain) several configurations simultaneously, in
     separate directories.  ‘configure’ writes configuration-specific
     files in the current directory, but arranges for them to use the
     source in the directory DIRNAME.  ‘configure’ creates directories
     under the working directory in parallel to the source directories
     below DIRNAME.

‘--target=TARGET’
     Configure GDB for cross-debugging programs running on the specified
     TARGET.  Without this option, GDB is configured to debug programs
     that run on the same machine (HOST) as GDB itself.

     There is no convenient way to generate a list of all available
     targets.  Also see the ‘--enable-targets’ option, below.

   There are many other options that are specific to GDB.  This lists
just the most common ones; there are some very specialized options not
described here.

‘--enable-targets=[TARGET]...’
‘--enable-targets=all’
     Configure GDB for cross-debugging programs running on the specified
     list of targets.  The special value ‘all’ configures GDB for
     debugging programs running on any target it supports.

‘--enable-binary-file-formats=[FORMAT]...’
‘--enable-binary-file-formats=all’
     Configure GDB to support certain binary file formats.  If a format
     is the main (or only) file format for a given target, the configure
     script may add support to it anyway, and warn the user.  If not
     given, all file formats that GDB supports are compiled in.

‘--with-gdb-datadir=PATH’
     Set the GDB-specific data directory.  GDB will look here for
     certain supporting files or scripts.  This defaults to the ‘gdb’
     subdirectory of ‘datadir’ (which can be set using ‘--datadir’).

‘--with-relocated-sources=DIR’
     Sets up the default source path substitution rule so that directory
     names recorded in debug information will be automatically adjusted
     for any directory under DIR.  DIR should be a subdirectory of GDB's
     configured prefix, the one mentioned in the ‘--prefix’ or
     ‘--exec-prefix’ options to configure.  This option is useful if GDB
     is supposed to be moved to a different place after it is built.

‘--enable-64-bit-bfd’
     Enable 64-bit support in BFD on 32-bit hosts.

‘--disable-gdbmi’
     Build GDB without the GDB/MI machine interface (*note GDB/MI::).

‘--enable-tui’
     Build GDB with the text-mode full-screen user interface (TUI).
     Requires a curses library (ncurses and cursesX are also supported).

‘--with-curses’
     Use the curses library instead of the termcap library, for
     text-mode terminal operations.

‘--with-debuginfod’
     Build GDB with ‘libdebuginfod’, the ‘debuginfod’ client library.
     Used to automatically fetch ELF, DWARF and source files from
     ‘debuginfod’ servers using build IDs associated with any missing
     files.  Enabled by default if ‘libdebuginfod’ is installed and
     found at configure time.  For more information regarding
     ‘debuginfod’ see *note Debuginfod::.

‘--with-libunwind-ia64’
     Use the libunwind library for unwinding function call stack on ia64
     target platforms.  See <http://www.nongnu.org/libunwind/index.html>
     for details.

‘--with-system-readline’
     Use the readline library installed on the host, rather than the
     library supplied as part of GDB.  Readline 7 or newer is required;
     this is enforced by the build system.

‘--with-system-zlib’
     Use the zlib library installed on the host, rather than the library
     supplied as part of GDB.

‘--with-expat’
     Build GDB with Expat, a library for XML parsing.  (Done by default
     if libexpat is installed and found at configure time.)  This
     library is used to read XML files supplied with GDB.  If it is
     unavailable, some features, such as remote protocol memory maps,
     target descriptions, and shared library lists, that are based on
     XML files, will not be available in GDB.  If your host does not
     have libexpat installed, you can get the latest version from
     <http://expat.sourceforge.net>.

‘--with-libiconv-prefix[=DIR]’
     Build GDB with GNU libiconv, a character set encoding conversion
     library.  This is not done by default, as on GNU systems the
     ‘iconv’ that is built in to the C library is sufficient.  If your
     host does not have a working ‘iconv’, you can get the latest
     version of GNU iconv from <https://www.gnu.org/software/libiconv/>.

     GDB's build system also supports building GNU libiconv as part of
     the overall build.  *Note Requirements::.

‘--with-lzma’
     Build GDB with LZMA, a compression library.  (Done by default if
     liblzma is installed and found at configure time.)  LZMA is used by
     GDB's "mini debuginfo" feature, which is only useful on platforms
     using the ELF object file format.  If your host does not have
     liblzma installed, you can get the latest version from
     <https://tukaani.org/xz/>.

‘--with-python[=PYTHON]’
     Build GDB with Python scripting support.  (Done by default if
     libpython is present and found at configure time.)  Python makes
     GDB scripting much more powerful than the restricted CLI scripting
     language.  If your host does not have Python installed, you can
     find it on <http://www.python.org/download/>.  The oldest version
     of Python supported by GDB is 3.4.  The optional argument PYTHON is
     used to find the Python headers and libraries.  It can be either
     the name of a Python executable, or the name of the directory in
     which Python is installed.

‘--with-guile[=GUILE]’
     Build GDB with GNU Guile scripting support.  (Done by default if
     libguile is present and found at configure time.)  If your host
     does not have Guile installed, you can find it at
     <https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/>.  The optional argument GUILE
     can be a version number, which will cause ‘configure’ to try to use
     that version of Guile; or the file name of a ‘pkg-config’
     executable, which will be queried to find the information needed to
     compile and link against Guile.

‘--without-included-regex’
     Don't use the regex library included with GDB (as part of the
     libiberty library).  This is the default on hosts with version 2 of
     the GNU C library.

‘--with-sysroot=DIR’
     Use DIR as the default system root directory for libraries whose
     file names begin with ‘/lib’' or ‘/usr/lib'’.  (The value of DIR
     can be modified at run time by using the ‘set sysroot’ command.)
     If DIR is under the GDB configured prefix (set with ‘--prefix’ or
     ‘--exec-prefix options’, the default system root will be
     automatically adjusted if and when GDB is moved to a different
     location.

‘--with-system-gdbinit=FILE’
     Configure GDB to automatically load a system-wide init file.  FILE
     should be an absolute file name.  If FILE is in a directory under
     the configured prefix, and GDB is moved to another location after
     being built, the location of the system-wide init file will be
     adjusted accordingly.

‘--with-system-gdbinit-dir=DIRECTORY’
     Configure GDB to automatically load init files from a system-wide
     directory.  DIRECTORY should be an absolute directory name.  If
     DIRECTORY is in a directory under the configured prefix, and GDB is
     moved to another location after being built, the location of the
     system-wide init directory will be adjusted accordingly.

‘--enable-build-warnings’
     When building the GDB sources, ask the compiler to warn about any
     code which looks even vaguely suspicious.  It passes many different
     warning flags, depending on the exact version of the compiler you
     are using.

‘--enable-werror’
     Treat compiler warnings as errors.  It adds the ‘-Werror’ flag to
     the compiler, which will fail the compilation if the compiler
     outputs any warning messages.

‘--enable-ubsan’
     Enable the GCC undefined behavior sanitizer.  This is disabled by
     default, but passing ‘--enable-ubsan=yes’ or ‘--enable-ubsan=auto’
     to ‘configure’ will enable it.  The undefined behavior sanitizer
     checks for C++ undefined behavior.  It has a performance cost, so
     if you are looking at GDB's performance, you should disable it.
     The undefined behavior sanitizer was first introduced in GCC 4.9.


File: gdb.info,  Node: System-wide configuration,  Prev: Configure Options,  Up: Installing GDB

C.6 System-wide configuration and settings
==========================================

GDB can be configured to have a system-wide init file and a system-wide
init file directory; this file and files in that directory (if they have
a recognized file extension) will be read and executed at startup (*note
What GDB does during startup: Startup.).

   Here are the corresponding configure options:

‘--with-system-gdbinit=FILE’
     Specify that the default location of the system-wide init file is
     FILE.
‘--with-system-gdbinit-dir=DIRECTORY’
     Specify that the default location of the system-wide init file
     directory is DIRECTORY.

   If GDB has been configured with the option ‘--prefix=$prefix’, they
may be subject to relocation.  Two possible cases:

   • If the default location of this init file/directory contains
     ‘$prefix’, it will be subject to relocation.  Suppose that the
     configure options are ‘--prefix=$prefix
     --with-system-gdbinit=$prefix/etc/gdbinit’; if GDB is moved from
     ‘$prefix’ to ‘$install’, the system init file is looked for as
     ‘$install/etc/gdbinit’ instead of ‘$prefix/etc/gdbinit’.

   • By contrast, if the default location does not contain the prefix,
     it will not be relocated.  E.g. if GDB has been configured with
     ‘--prefix=/usr/local --with-system-gdbinit=/usr/share/gdb/gdbinit’,
     then GDB will always look for ‘/usr/share/gdb/gdbinit’, wherever
     GDB is installed.

   If the configured location of the system-wide init file (as given by
the ‘--with-system-gdbinit’ option at configure time) is in the
data-directory (as specified by ‘--with-gdb-datadir’ at configure time)
or in one of its subdirectories, then GDB will look for the system-wide
init file in the directory specified by the ‘--data-directory’
command-line option.  Note that the system-wide init file is only read
once, during GDB initialization.  If the data-directory is changed after
GDB has started with the ‘set data-directory’ command, the file will not
be reread.

   This applies similarly to the system-wide directory specified in
‘--with-system-gdbinit-dir’.

   Any supported scripting language can be used for these init files, as
long as the file extension matches the scripting language.  To be
interpreted as regular GDB commands, the files needs to have a ‘.gdb’
extension.

* Menu:

* System-wide Configuration Scripts::  Installed System-wide Configuration Scripts


File: gdb.info,  Node: System-wide Configuration Scripts,  Up: System-wide configuration

C.6.1 Installed System-wide Configuration Scripts
-------------------------------------------------

The ‘system-gdbinit’ directory, located inside the data-directory (as
specified by ‘--with-gdb-datadir’ at configure time) contains a number
of scripts which can be used as system-wide init files.  To
automatically source those scripts at startup, GDB should be configured
with ‘--with-system-gdbinit’.  Otherwise, any user should be able to
source them by hand as needed.

   The following scripts are currently available:

   • ‘elinos.py’ This script is useful when debugging a program on an
     ELinOS target.  It takes advantage of the environment variables
     defined in a standard ELinOS environment in order to determine the
     location of the system shared libraries, and then sets the
     ‘solib-absolute-prefix’ and ‘solib-search-path’ variables
     appropriately.

   • ‘wrs-linux.py’ This script is useful when debugging a program on a
     target running Wind River Linux.  It expects the ‘ENV_PREFIX’ to be
     set to the host-side sysroot used by the target system.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Maintenance Commands,  Next: Remote Protocol,  Prev: Installing GDB,  Up: Top

Appendix D Maintenance Commands
*******************************

In addition to commands intended for GDB users, GDB includes a number of
commands intended for GDB developers, that are not documented elsewhere
in this manual.  These commands are provided here for reference.  (For
commands that turn on debugging messages, see *note Debugging Output::.)

‘maint agent [-at LINESPEC,] EXPRESSION’
‘maint agent-eval [-at LINESPEC,] EXPRESSION’
     Translate the given EXPRESSION into remote agent bytecodes.  This
     command is useful for debugging the Agent Expression mechanism
     (*note Agent Expressions::).  The ‘agent’ version produces an
     expression useful for data collection, such as by tracepoints,
     while ‘maint agent-eval’ produces an expression that evaluates
     directly to a result.  For instance, a collection expression for
     ‘globa + globb’ will include bytecodes to record four bytes of
     memory at each of the addresses of ‘globa’ and ‘globb’, while
     discarding the result of the addition, while an evaluation
     expression will do the addition and return the sum.  If ‘-at’ is
     given, generate remote agent bytecode for all the addresses to
     which LINESPEC resolves (*note Linespec Locations::).  If not,
     generate remote agent bytecode for current frame PC address.

‘maint agent-printf FORMAT,EXPR,...’
     Translate the given format string and list of argument expressions
     into remote agent bytecodes and display them as a disassembled
     list.  This command is useful for debugging the agent version of
     dynamic printf (*note Dynamic Printf::).

‘maint canonicalize NAME’
     Print the canonical form of NAME, a C++ name.  Because a C++ name
     may have multiple possible spellings, GDB computes a canonical form
     of a name for internal use.  For example, ‘short int’ and ‘short’
     are two ways to name the same type.

‘maint info breakpoints’
     Using the same format as ‘info breakpoints’, display both the
     breakpoints you've set explicitly, and those GDB is using for
     internal purposes.  Internal breakpoints are shown with negative
     breakpoint numbers.  The type column identifies what kind of
     breakpoint is shown:

     ‘breakpoint’
          Normal, explicitly set breakpoint.

     ‘watchpoint’
          Normal, explicitly set watchpoint.

     ‘longjmp’
          Internal breakpoint, used to handle correctly stepping through
          ‘longjmp’ calls.

     ‘longjmp resume’
          Internal breakpoint at the target of a ‘longjmp’.

     ‘until’
          Temporary internal breakpoint used by the GDB ‘until’ command.

     ‘finish’
          Temporary internal breakpoint used by the GDB ‘finish’
          command.

     ‘shlib events’
          Shared library events.

‘maint info btrace’
     Pint information about raw branch tracing data.

‘maint btrace packet-history’
     Print the raw branch trace packets that are used to compute the
     execution history for the ‘record btrace’ command.  Both the
     information and the format in which it is printed depend on the
     btrace recording format.

     ‘bts’
          For the BTS recording format, print a list of blocks of
          sequential code.  For each block, the following information is
          printed:

          Block number
               Newer blocks have higher numbers.  The oldest block has
               number zero.
          Lowest ‘PC’
          Highest ‘PC’

     ‘pt’
          For the Intel Processor Trace recording format, print a list
          of Intel Processor Trace packets.  For each packet, the
          following information is printed:

          Packet number
               Newer packets have higher numbers.  The oldest packet has
               number zero.
          Trace offset
               The packet's offset in the trace stream.
          Packet opcode and payload

‘maint btrace clear-packet-history’
     Discards the cached packet history printed by the ‘maint btrace
     packet-history’ command.  The history will be computed again when
     needed.

‘maint btrace clear’
     Discard the branch trace data.  The data will be fetched anew and
     the branch trace will be recomputed when needed.

     This implicitly truncates the branch trace to a single branch trace
     buffer.  When updating branch trace incrementally, the branch trace
     available to GDB may be bigger than a single branch trace buffer.

‘maint set btrace pt skip-pad’
‘maint show btrace pt skip-pad’
     Control whether GDB will skip PAD packets when computing the packet
     history.

‘maint info jit’
     Print information about JIT code objects loaded in the current
     inferior.

‘maint info python-disassemblers’
     This command is defined within the ‘gdb.disassembler’ Python module
     (*note Disassembly In Python::), and will only be present after
     that module has been imported.  To force the module to be imported
     do the following:

‘maint info linux-lwps’
     Print information about LWPs under control of the Linux native
     target.

          (gdb) python import gdb.disassembler

     This command lists all the architectures for which a disassembler
     is currently registered, and the name of the disassembler.  If a
     disassembler is registered for all architectures, then this is
     listed last against the ‘GLOBAL’ architecture.

     If one of the disassemblers would be selected for the architecture
     of the current inferior, then this disassembler will be marked.

     The following example shows a situation in which two disassemblers
     are registered, initially the ‘i386’ disassembler matches the
     current architecture, then the architecture is changed, now the
     ‘GLOBAL’ disassembler matches.

          (gdb) show architecture
          The target architecture is set to "auto" (currently "i386").
          (gdb) maint info python-disassemblers
          Architecture        Disassember Name
          i386                Disassembler_1	(Matches current architecture)
          GLOBAL              Disassembler_2
          (gdb) set architecture arm
          The target architecture is set to "arm".
          (gdb) maint info python-disassemblers
          quit
          Architecture        Disassember Name
          i386                Disassembler_1
          GLOBAL              Disassembler_2	(Matches current architecture)

‘set displaced-stepping’
‘show displaced-stepping’
     Control whether or not GDB will do “displaced stepping” if the
     target supports it.  Displaced stepping is a way to single-step
     over breakpoints without removing them from the inferior, by
     executing an out-of-line copy of the instruction that was
     originally at the breakpoint location.  It is also known as
     out-of-line single-stepping.

     ‘set displaced-stepping on’
          If the target architecture supports it, GDB will use displaced
          stepping to step over breakpoints.

     ‘set displaced-stepping off’
          GDB will not use displaced stepping to step over breakpoints,
          even if such is supported by the target architecture.

     ‘set displaced-stepping auto’
          This is the default mode.  GDB will use displaced stepping
          only if non-stop mode is active (*note Non-Stop Mode::) and
          the target architecture supports displaced stepping.

‘maint check psymtabs’
     Check the consistency of currently expanded psymtabs versus
     symtabs.  Use this to check, for example, whether a symbol is in
     one but not the other.

‘maint check symtabs’
     Check the consistency of currently expanded symtabs.

‘maint expand-symtabs [REGEXP]’
     Expand symbol tables.  If REGEXP is specified, only expand symbol
     tables for file names matching REGEXP.

‘maint set catch-demangler-crashes [on|off]’
‘maint show catch-demangler-crashes’
     Control whether GDB should attempt to catch crashes in the symbol
     name demangler.  The default is to attempt to catch crashes.  If
     enabled, the first time a crash is caught, a core file is created,
     the offending symbol is displayed and the user is presented with
     the option to terminate the current session.

‘maint cplus first_component NAME’
     Print the first C++ class/namespace component of NAME.

‘maint cplus namespace’
     Print the list of possible C++ namespaces.

‘maint deprecate COMMAND [REPLACEMENT]’
‘maint undeprecate COMMAND’
     Deprecate or undeprecate the named COMMAND.  Deprecated commands
     cause GDB to issue a warning when you use them.  The optional
     argument REPLACEMENT says which newer command should be used in
     favor of the deprecated one; if it is given, GDB will mention the
     replacement as part of the warning.

‘maint dump-me’
     Cause a fatal signal in the debugger and force it to dump its core.
     This is supported only on systems which support aborting a program
     with the ‘SIGQUIT’ signal.

‘maint internal-error [MESSAGE-TEXT]’
‘maint internal-warning [MESSAGE-TEXT]’
‘maint demangler-warning [MESSAGE-TEXT]’

     Cause GDB to call the internal function ‘internal_error’,
     ‘internal_warning’ or ‘demangler_warning’ and hence behave as
     though an internal problem has been detected.  In addition to
     reporting the internal problem, these functions give the user the
     opportunity to either quit GDB or (for ‘internal_error’ and
     ‘internal_warning’) create a core file of the current GDB session.

     These commands take an optional parameter MESSAGE-TEXT that is used
     as the text of the error or warning message.

     Here's an example of using ‘internal-error’:

          (gdb) maint internal-error testing, 1, 2
          .../maint.c:121: internal-error: testing, 1, 2
          A problem internal to GDB has been detected.  Further
          debugging may prove unreliable.
          Quit this debugging session? (y or n) n
          Create a core file? (y or n) n
          (gdb)

‘maint set debuginfod download-sections’
‘maint set debuginfod download-sections [on|off]’
‘maint show debuginfod download-sections’
     Controls whether GDB will attempt to download individual ELF/DWARF
     sections from ‘debuginfod’.  If disabled, only whole debug info
     files will be downloaded; this could result in GDB downloading
     larger amounts of data.

‘maint set internal-error ACTION [ask|yes|no]’
‘maint show internal-error ACTION’
‘maint set internal-warning ACTION [ask|yes|no]’
‘maint show internal-warning ACTION’
‘maint set demangler-warning ACTION [ask|yes|no]’
‘maint show demangler-warning ACTION’
     When GDB reports an internal problem (error or warning) it gives
     the user the opportunity to both quit GDB and create a core file of
     the current GDB session.  These commands let you override the
     default behavior for each particular ACTION, described in the table
     below.

     ‘quit’
          You can specify that GDB should always (yes) or never (no)
          quit.  The default is to ask the user what to do.

     ‘corefile’
          You can specify that GDB should always (yes) or never (no)
          create a core file.  The default is to ask the user what to
          do.  Note that there is no ‘corefile’ option for
          ‘demangler-warning’: demangler warnings always create a core
          file and this cannot be disabled.

‘maint set internal-error backtrace [on|off]’
‘maint show internal-error backtrace’
‘maint set internal-warning backtrace [on|off]’
‘maint show internal-warning backtrace’
     When GDB reports an internal problem (error or warning) it is
     possible to have a backtrace of GDB printed to the standard error
     stream.  This is ‘on’ by default for ‘internal-error’ and ‘off’ by
     default for ‘internal-warning’.

‘maint packet TEXT’
     If GDB is talking to an inferior via the serial protocol, then this
     command sends the string TEXT to the inferior, and displays the
     response packet.  GDB supplies the initial ‘$’ character, the
     terminating ‘#’ character, and the checksum.

     Any non-printable characters in the reply are printed as escaped
     hex, e.g.  ‘\x00’, ‘\x01’, etc.

‘maint print architecture [FILE]’
     Print the entire architecture configuration.  The optional argument
     FILE names the file where the output goes.

‘maint print c-tdesc [-single-feature] [FILE]’
     Print the target description (*note Target Descriptions::) as a C
     source file.  By default, the target description is for the current
     target, but if the optional argument FILE is provided, that file is
     used to produce the description.  The FILE should be an XML
     document, of the form described in *note Target Description
     Format::.  The created source file is built into GDB when GDB is
     built again.  This command is used by developers after they add or
     modify XML target descriptions.

     When the optional flag ‘-single-feature’ is provided then the
     target description being processed (either the default, or from
     FILE) must only contain a single feature.  The source file produced
     is different in this case.

     The FILE argument supports escaping and quoting, see *note
     Filenames As Command Arguments: Filename Arguments.

‘maint print xml-tdesc [FILE]’
     Print the target description (*note Target Descriptions::) as an
     XML file.  By default print the target description for the current
     target, but if the optional argument FILE is provided, then that
     file is read in by GDB and then used to produce the description.
     The FILE should be an XML document, of the form described in *note
     Target Description Format::.

‘maint check xml-descriptions DIR’
     Check that the target descriptions dynamically created by GDB equal
     the descriptions created from XML files found in DIR.

‘maint check libthread-db’
     Run integrity checks on the current inferior's thread debugging
     library.  This exercises all ‘libthread_db’ functionality used by
     GDB on GNU/Linux systems, and by extension also exercises the
     ‘proc_service’ functions provided by GDB that ‘libthread_db’ uses.
     Note that parts of the test may be skipped on some platforms when
     debugging core files.

‘maint print core-file-backed-mappings’
     Print the file-backed mappings which were loaded from a core file
     note.  This output represents state internal to GDB and should be
     similar to the mappings displayed by the ‘info proc mappings’
     command.

‘maint print dummy-frames’
     Prints the contents of GDB's internal dummy-frame stack.

          (gdb) b add
          ...
          (gdb) print add(2,3)
          Breakpoint 2, add (a=2, b=3) at ...
          58	  return (a + b);
          The program being debugged stopped while in a function called from GDB.
          ...
          (gdb) maint print dummy-frames
          0xa8206d8: id={stack=0xbfffe734,code=0xbfffe73f,!special}, ptid=process 9353
          (gdb)

     Takes an optional file parameter.

‘maint print frame-id’
‘maint print frame-id LEVEL’
     Print GDB's internal frame-id for the frame at relative LEVEL, or
     for the currently selected frame when LEVEL is not given.

     If used, LEVEL should be an integer, as displayed in the
     ‘backtrace’ output.

          (gdb) maint print frame-id
          frame-id for frame #0: {stack=0x7fffffffac70,code=0x0000000000401106,!special}
          (gdb) maint print frame-id 2
          frame-id for frame #2: {stack=0x7fffffffac90,code=0x000000000040111c,!special}

‘maint info inline-frames’
‘maint info inline-frames ADDRESS’
     Print information about inlined frames which start at the current
     address, or ADDRESS if specified.

     In order to allow the user to correctly step into inlined
     functions, GDB needs to identify which inlined functions start at a
     particular address, and GDB also needs to track which of these
     functions was last displayed to the user as the current frame.

     Imagine a situation where function ‘main’ calls ‘foo’, which then
     calls ‘bar’, something like this:

          int
          main ()
          {
            /* Some interesting code here...  */

            foo ();

            /* More interesting code here... */
          }

          void
          foo ()
          {
            bar ();
          }

          void
          bar ()
          {
            /* Some interesting code here...  */
          }

     As both ‘foo’ and ‘bar’ are inlined within ‘main’ then there could
     be one address within ‘main’ which is also the start of ‘foo’ and
     also the start of ‘bar’.  When the user stops at this address they
     will initially be told the inferior is in ‘main’, if the user does
     a ‘step’ then GDB doesn't actually step the inferior, instead the
     user is told the inferior entered ‘foo’.  After the next ‘step’ the
     user is told the inferior entered ‘bar’.  The ‘maint info
     inline-frames’ command can be used to view this internal GDB state,
     like this:

          (gdb) step
          24	  foo ();
          (gdb) maintenance info inline-frames
          Cached inline state information for thread 1.
          program counter = 0x401137
          skipped frames = 2
            bar
            foo
          > main

     Here the user is stopped in ‘main’ at the call to ‘foo’.  The
     inline-frames information shows that at this address GDB has found
     the start of inlined functions ‘bar’ and ‘foo’, but currently GDB
     has skipped 2 frames and considers ‘main’ to be the current frame,
     this is indicated with the ‘>’.

     If the user performs a ‘step’ to enter ‘foo’ then the situation is
     updated:

          (gdb) step
          foo () at inline.c:14
          14	  bar ();
          (gdb) maintenance info inline-frames
          Cached inline state information for thread 1.
          program counter = 0x401137
          skipped frames = 1
            bar
          > foo
            main

     Notice that the program counter value ‘0x401137’ hasn't change, but
     now GDB considers ‘foo’ to be the current frame, and it is marked
     as such with the ‘>’.

     Finally, the user performs another ‘step’ to enter ‘bar’:

          (gdb) step
          bar () at inline.c:6
          6	  ++global_counter;
          (gdb) maintenance info inline-frames
          Cached inline state information for thread 1.
          program counter = 0x401137
          skipped frames = 0
          > bar
            foo
            main

‘maint info blocks’
‘maint info blocks ADDRESS’
     Print information about all blocks at ADDRESS, or at the current
     ‘$pc’ if ADDRESS is not given.

     For information about what blocks are in GDB see *note Blocks In
     Python::.

     Blocks are listed starting from the global block, then the static
     block, and then proceeding through progressively narrower scopes.

     Here is an example of the command's output:
          (gdb) maintenance info blocks
          Blocks at 0x401137:
            from objfile: [(objfile *) 0x50507d0] /tmp/inline_func_demo

          [(block *) 0x504da90] 0x401106..0x40119a
            entry pc: 0x401106
            is global block
            symbol count: 2
            is contiguous
          [(block *) 0x504d9f0] 0x401106..0x40119a
            entry pc: 0x401106
            is static block
            symbol count: 1
            is contiguous
          [(block *) 0x504d9a0] 0x401106..0x40119a
            entry pc: 0x401106
            function: main
            is contiguous
          [(block *) 0x504d900] 0x401137..0x401166
            entry pc: 0x401137
            inline function: foo
            symbol count: 1
            is contiguous
          [(block *) 0x504d860] 0x401137..0x401165
            entry pc: 0x401137
            inline function: bar
            symbol count: 1
            is contiguous

     The command ‘maint info blocks’ lists the symbol count for each
     block but doesn't print the symbols themselves.  The symbol names
     can be found using ‘maint print symbols’ (*note maint print
     symbols::).

‘maint print registers [FILE]’
‘maint print raw-registers [FILE]’
‘maint print cooked-registers [FILE]’
‘maint print register-groups [FILE]’
‘maint print remote-registers [FILE]’
     Print GDB's internal register data structures.

     The command ‘maint print raw-registers’ includes the contents of
     the raw register cache; the command ‘maint print cooked-registers’
     includes the (cooked) value of all registers, including registers
     which aren't available on the target nor visible to user; the
     command ‘maint print register-groups’ includes the groups that each
     register is a member of; and the command ‘maint print
     remote-registers’ includes the remote target's register numbers and
     offsets in the 'G' packets, as well as an indication of which
     registers were included in the last stop reply packet received by
     GDB (*note Stop Reply Packets::).  Please note that the list of
     registers included in a stop reply can change from one stop to the
     next.

     These commands take an optional parameter, a file name to which to
     write the information.

‘maint print reggroups [FILE]’
     Print GDB's internal register group data structures.  The optional
     argument FILE tells to what file to write the information.

     The register groups info looks like this:

          (gdb) maint print reggroups
           Group      Type
           general    user
           float      user
           all        user
           vector     user
           system     user
           save       internal
           restore    internal

‘maint flush register-cache’
‘flushregs’
     Flush the contents of the register cache and as a consequence the
     frame cache.  This command is useful when debugging issues related
     to register fetching, or frame unwinding.  The command ‘flushregs’
     is deprecated in favor of ‘maint flush register-cache’.

‘maint flush source-cache’
     Flush GDB's cache of source code file contents.  After GDB reads a
     source file, and optionally applies styling (*note Output
     Styling::), the file contents are cached.  This command clears that
     cache.  The next time GDB wants to show lines from a source file,
     the content will be re-read.

     This command is useful when debugging issues related to source code
     styling.  After flushing the cache any source code displayed by GDB
     will be re-read and re-styled.

‘maint print objfiles [REGEXP]’
     Print a dump of all known object files.  If REGEXP is specified,
     only print object files whose names match REGEXP.  For each object
     file, this command prints its name, address in memory, and all of
     its psymtabs and symtabs.

‘maint print user-registers’
     List all currently available “user registers”.  User registers
     typically provide alternate names for actual hardware registers.
     They include the four "standard" registers ‘$fp’, ‘$pc’, ‘$sp’, and
     ‘$ps’.  *Note standard registers::.  User registers can be used in
     expressions in the same way as the canonical register names, but
     only the latter are listed by the ‘info registers’ and ‘maint print
     registers’ commands.

‘maint print section-scripts [REGEXP]’
     Print a dump of scripts specified in the ‘.debug_gdb_section’
     section.  If REGEXP is specified, only print scripts loaded by
     object files matching REGEXP.  For each script, this command prints
     its name as specified in the objfile, and the full path if known.
     *Note dotdebug_gdb_scripts section::.

‘maint print statistics’
     This command prints, for each object file in the program, various
     data about that object file followed by the byte cache (“bcache”)
     statistics for the object file.  The objfile data includes the
     number of minimal, partial, full, and stabs symbols, the number of
     types defined by the objfile, the number of as yet unexpanded psym
     tables, the number of line tables and string tables, and the amount
     of memory used by the various tables.  The bcache statistics
     include the counts, sizes, and counts of duplicates of all and
     unique objects, max, average, and median entry size, total memory
     used and its overhead and savings, and various measures of the hash
     table size and chain lengths.

‘maint print target-stack’
     A “target” is an interface between the debugger and a particular
     kind of file or process.  Targets can be stacked in “strata”, so
     that more than one target can potentially respond to a request.  In
     particular, memory accesses will walk down the stack of targets
     until they find a target that is interested in handling that
     particular address.

     This command prints a short description of each layer that was
     pushed on the “target stack”, starting from the top layer down to
     the bottom one.

‘maint print type EXPR’
     Print the type chain for a type specified by EXPR.  The argument
     can be either a type name or a symbol.  If it is a symbol, the type
     of that symbol is described.  The type chain produced by this
     command is a recursive definition of the data type as stored in
     GDB's data structures, including its flags and contained types.

‘maint print record-instruction’
‘maint print record-instruction N’
     print how GDB recorded a given instruction.  If N is not positive
     number, it prints the values stored by the inferior before the N-th
     previous instruction was executed.  If N is positive, print the
     values after the N-th following instruction is executed.  If N is
     not given, 0 is assumed.

‘maint selftest [-verbose] [FILTER]’
     Run any self tests that were compiled in to GDB.  This will print a
     message showing how many tests were run, and how many failed.  If a
     FILTER is passed, only the tests with FILTER in their name will be
     ran.  If ‘-verbose’ is passed, the self tests can be more verbose.

‘maint set selftest verbose’
‘maint show selftest verbose’
     Control whether self tests are run verbosely or not.

‘maint info selftests’
     List the selftests compiled in to GDB.

‘maint set dwarf always-disassemble’
‘maint show dwarf always-disassemble’
     Control the behavior of ‘info address’ when using DWARF debugging
     information.

     The default is ‘off’, which means that GDB should try to describe a
     variable's location in an easily readable format.  When ‘on’, GDB
     will instead display the DWARF location expression in an
     assembly-like format.  Note that some locations are too complex for
     GDB to describe simply; in this case you will always see the
     disassembly form.

     Here is an example of the resulting disassembly:

          (gdb) info addr argc
          Symbol "argc" is a complex DWARF expression:
               1: DW_OP_fbreg 0

     For more information on these expressions, see the DWARF standard
     (http://www.dwarfstd.org/).

‘maint set dwarf max-cache-age’
‘maint show dwarf max-cache-age’
     Control the DWARF compilation unit cache.

     In object files with inter-compilation-unit references, such as
     those produced by the GCC option ‘-feliminate-dwarf2-dups’, the
     DWARF reader needs to frequently refer to previously read
     compilation units.  This setting controls how long a compilation
     unit will remain in the cache if it is not referenced.  A higher
     limit means that cached compilation units will be stored in memory
     longer, and more total memory will be used.  Setting it to zero
     disables caching, which will slow down GDB startup, but reduce
     memory consumption.

‘maint set dwarf synchronous’
‘maint show dwarf synchronous’
     Control whether DWARF is read asynchronously.

     On hosts where threading is available, the DWARF reader is mostly
     asynchronous with respect to the rest of GDB.  That is, the bulk of
     the reading is done in the background, and GDB will only pause for
     completion of this task when absolutely necessary.

     When this setting is enabled, GDB will instead wait for DWARF
     processing to complete before continuing.

     On hosts without threading, or where worker threads have been
     disabled at runtime, this setting has no effect, as DWARF reading
     is always done on the main thread, and is therefore always
     synchronous.

‘maint info frame-unwinders’
     List the frame unwinders currently in effect, starting with the
     highest priority.  This also lists the unwinder class, which is
     mostly defined by which area of GDB uses it.  The currently
     available classes are:

     ‘GDB’
          Internal unwinders, added by GDB core.
     ‘EXTENSION’
          Unwinders added by extension languages.
     ‘DEBUGINFO’
          Unwinders installed by debug information readers.
     ‘ARCH’
          Unwinders installed by the architecture specific code.

‘maint frame-unwinder disable [-all | -name NAME | [-class] CLASS]’
‘maint frame-unwinder enable [-all | -name NAME | [-class] CLASS]’
     Disable or enable frame unwinders.  This is meant only as a testing
     tool, and GDB is not guaranteed to work properly if it is unable to
     find valid frame unwinders.

     The meaning of each of the invocations are as follows:

     ‘‘-all’’
          Disable or enable all unwinders.
     ‘‘-name’ NAME’
          NAME is the exact name of the unwinder to be disabled or
          enabled.
     ‘[‘-class’] CLASS’
          CLASS is the class of frame unwinders to be disabled or
          enabled.  The class may include the prefix ‘FRAME_UNWINDER_’,
          but it is not required.

     NAME and CLASS are always case insensitive.  If no option starting
     with ‘-’ is given, GDB assumes ‘-class’.

‘maint set worker-threads’
‘maint show worker-threads’
     Control the number of worker threads that may be used by GDB.  On
     capable hosts, GDB may use multiple threads to speed up certain
     CPU-intensive operations, such as demangling symbol names.  While
     the number of threads used by GDB may vary, this command can be
     used to set an upper bound on this number.  The default is
     ‘unlimited’, which lets GDB choose a reasonable number.  Note that
     this only controls worker threads started by GDB itself; libraries
     used by GDB may start threads of their own.

‘maint set profile’
‘maint show profile’
     Control profiling of GDB.

     Profiling will be disabled until you use the ‘maint set profile’
     command to enable it.  When you enable profiling, the system will
     begin collecting timing and execution count data; when you disable
     profiling or exit GDB, the results will be written to a log file.
     Remember that if you use profiling, GDB will overwrite the
     profiling log file (often called ‘gmon.out’).  If you have a record
     of important profiling data in a ‘gmon.out’ file, be sure to move
     it to a safe location.

     Configuring with ‘--enable-profiling’ arranges for GDB to be
     compiled with the ‘-pg’ compiler option.

‘maint set show-debug-regs’
‘maint show show-debug-regs’
     Control whether to show variables that mirror the hardware debug
     registers.  Use ‘on’ to enable, ‘off’ to disable.  If enabled, the
     debug registers values are shown when GDB inserts or removes a
     hardware breakpoint or watchpoint, and when the inferior triggers a
     hardware-assisted breakpoint or watchpoint.

‘maint set show-all-tib’
‘maint show show-all-tib’
     Control whether to show all non zero areas within a 1k block
     starting at thread local base, when using the ‘info w32
     thread-information-block’ command.

‘maint set target-async’
‘maint show target-async’
     This controls whether GDB targets operate in synchronous or
     asynchronous mode (*note Background Execution::).  Normally the
     default is asynchronous, if it is available; but this can be
     changed to more easily debug problems occurring only in synchronous
     mode.

‘maint set target-non-stop’
‘maint show target-non-stop’

     This controls whether GDB targets always operate in non-stop mode
     even if ‘set non-stop’ is ‘off’ (*note Non-Stop Mode::).  The
     default is ‘auto’, meaning non-stop mode is enabled if supported by
     the target.

     ‘maint set target-non-stop auto’
          This is the default mode.  GDB controls the target in non-stop
          mode if the target supports it.

     ‘maint set target-non-stop on’
          GDB controls the target in non-stop mode even if the target
          does not indicate support.

     ‘maint set target-non-stop off’
          GDB does not control the target in non-stop mode even if the
          target supports it.

‘maint set tui-resize-message’
‘maint show tui-resize-message’
     Control whether GDB displays a message each time the terminal is
     resized when in TUI mode.  The default is ‘off’, which means that
     GDB is silent during resizes.  When ‘on’, GDB will display a
     message after a resize is completed; the message will include a
     number indicating how many times the terminal has been resized.
     This setting is intended for use by the test suite, where it would
     otherwise be difficult to determine when a resize and refresh has
     been completed.

‘maint set tui-left-margin-verbose’
‘maint show tui-left-margin-verbose’
     Control whether the left margin of the TUI source and disassembly
     windows uses ‘_’ and ‘0’ at locations where otherwise there would
     be a space.  The default is ‘off’, which means spaces are used.
     The setting is intended to make it clear where the left margin
     begins and ends, to avoid incorrectly interpreting a space as being
     part of the the left margin.

‘maint set per-command’
‘maint show per-command’

     GDB can display the resources used by each command.  This is useful
     in debugging performance problems.

     ‘maint set per-command space [on|off]’
     ‘maint show per-command space’
          Enable or disable the printing of the memory used by GDB for
          each command.  If enabled, GDB will display how much memory
          each command took, following the command's own output.  This
          can also be requested by invoking GDB with the ‘--statistics’
          command-line switch (*note Mode Options::).

     ‘maint set per-command time [on|off]’
     ‘maint show per-command time’
          Enable or disable the printing of the execution time of GDB
          for each command.  If enabled, GDB will display how much time
          it took to execute each command, following the command's own
          output.  Both CPU time and wallclock time are printed.
          Printing both is useful when trying to determine whether the
          cost is CPU or, e.g., disk/network latency.  Note that the CPU
          time printed is for GDB only, it does not include the
          execution time of the inferior because there's no mechanism
          currently to compute how much time was spent by GDB and how
          much time was spent by the program been debugged.  This can
          also be requested by invoking GDB with the ‘--statistics’
          command-line switch (*note Mode Options::).

     ‘maint set per-command symtab [on|off]’
     ‘maint show per-command symtab’
          Enable or disable the printing of basic symbol table
          statistics for each command.  If enabled, GDB will display the
          following information:

            a. number of symbol tables
            b. number of primary symbol tables
            c. number of blocks in the blockvector

‘maint set check-libthread-db [on|off]’
‘maint show check-libthread-db’
     Control whether GDB should run integrity checks on inferior
     specific thread debugging libraries as they are loaded.  The
     default is not to perform such checks.  If any check fails GDB will
     unload the library and continue searching for a suitable candidate
     as described in *note set libthread-db-search-path::.  For more
     information about the tests, see *note maint check libthread-db::.

‘maint set gnu-source-highlight enabled [on|off]’
‘maint show gnu-source-highlight enabled’
     Control whether GDB should use the GNU Source Highlight library for
     applying styling to source code (*note Output Styling::).  This
     will be ‘on’ by default if the GNU Source Highlight library is
     available.  If the GNU Source Highlight library is not available,
     then this will be ‘off’ by default, and attempting to change this
     value to ‘on’ will give an error.

     If the GNU Source Highlight library is not being used, then GDB
     will use the Python Pygments package for source code styling, if it
     is available.

     This option is useful for debugging GDB's use of the Pygments
     library when GDB is linked against the GNU Source Highlight
     library.

‘maint set libopcodes-styling enabled [on|off]’
‘maint show libopcodes-styling enabled’
     Control whether GDB should use its builtin disassembler
     (‘libopcodes’) to style disassembler output (*note Output
     Styling::).  The builtin disassembler does not support styling for
     all architectures.

     When this option is ‘off’ the builtin disassembler will not be used
     for styling, GDB will fall back to using the Python Pygments
     package if possible.

     Trying to set this option ‘on’ for an architecture that the builtin
     disassembler is unable to style will give an error, otherwise, the
     builtin disassembler will be used to style disassembler output.

     This option is ‘on’ by default for supported architectures.

     This option is useful for debugging GDB's use of the Pygments
     library when GDB is built for an architecture that supports styling
     with the builtin disassembler

‘maint info screen’
     Print various characteristics of the screen, such as various
     notions of width and height.

‘maint space VALUE’
     An alias for ‘maint set per-command space’.  A non-zero value
     enables it, zero disables it.

‘maint time VALUE’
     An alias for ‘maint set per-command time’.  A non-zero value
     enables it, zero disables it.

‘maint translate-address [SECTION] ADDR’
     Find the symbol stored at the location specified by the address
     ADDR and an optional section name SECTION.  If found, GDB prints
     the name of the closest symbol and an offset from the symbol's
     location to the specified address.  This is similar to the ‘info
     address’ command (*note Symbols::), except that this command also
     allows to find symbols in other sections.

     If section was not specified, the section in which the symbol was
     found is also printed.  For dynamically linked executables, the
     name of executable or shared library containing the symbol is
     printed as well.

‘maint test-options require-delimiter’
‘maint test-options unknown-is-error’
‘maint test-options unknown-is-operand’
     These commands are used by the testsuite to validate the command
     options framework.  The ‘require-delimiter’ variant requires a
     double-dash delimiter to indicate end of options.  The
     ‘unknown-is-error’ and ‘unknown-is-operand’ do not.  The
     ‘unknown-is-error’ variant throws an error on unknown option, while
     ‘unknown-is-operand’ treats unknown options as the start of the
     command's operands.  When run, the commands output the result of
     the processed options.  When completed, the commands store the
     internal result of completion in a variable exposed by the ‘maint
     show test-options-completion-result’ command.

‘maint show test-options-completion-result’
     Shows the result of completing the ‘maint test-options’
     subcommands.  This is used by the testsuite to validate completion
     support in the command options framework.

‘maint set test-settings KIND’
‘maint show test-settings KIND’
     These are representative commands for each KIND of setting type GDB
     supports.  They are used by the testsuite for exercising the
     settings infrastructure.

‘maint set backtrace-on-fatal-signal [on|off]’
‘maint show backtrace-on-fatal-signal’
     When this setting is ‘on’, if GDB itself terminates with a fatal
     signal (e.g. SIGSEGV), then a limited backtrace will be printed to
     the standard error stream.  This backtrace can be used to help
     diagnose crashes within GDB in situations where a user is unable to
     share a corefile with the GDB developers.

     If the functionality to provide this backtrace is not available for
     the platform on which GDB is running then this feature will be
     ‘off’ by default, and attempting to turn this feature on will give
     an error.

     For platforms that do support creating the backtrace this feature
     is ‘on’ by default.

‘maint wait-for-index-cache’
     Wait until all pending writes to the index cache have completed.
     This is used by the test suite to avoid races when the index cache
     is being updated by a worker thread.

‘maint with SETTING [VALUE] [-- COMMAND]’
     Like the ‘with’ command, but works with ‘maintenance set’
     variables.  This is used by the testsuite to exercise the ‘with’
     command's infrastructure.

‘maint ignore-probes [-V|-VERBOSE] [PROVIDER [NAME [OBJFILE]]]’
‘maint ignore-probes -RESET’
     Set or reset the ignore-probes filter.  The PROVIDER, NAME and
     OBJFILE arguments are as in ‘enable probes’ and ‘disable probes’
     (*note enable probes::).  Only supported for SystemTap probes.

     Here's an example of using ‘maint ignore-probes’:
          (gdb) maint ignore-probes -verbose libc ^longjmp$
          ignore-probes filter has been set to:
          PROVIDER: 'libc'
          PROBE_NAME: '^longjmp$'
          OBJNAME: ''
          (gdb) start
          <... more output ...>
          Ignoring SystemTap probe libc longjmp in /lib64/libc.so.6.^M
          Ignoring SystemTap probe libc longjmp in /lib64/libc.so.6.^M
          Ignoring SystemTap probe libc longjmp in /lib64/libc.so.6.^M

   The following command is useful for non-interactive invocations of
GDB, such as in the test suite.

‘set watchdog NSEC’
     Set the maximum number of seconds GDB will wait for the target
     operation to finish.  If this time expires, GDB reports and error
     and the command is aborted.

‘show watchdog’
     Show the current setting of the target wait timeout.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Remote Protocol,  Next: Agent Expressions,  Prev: Maintenance Commands,  Up: Top

Appendix E GDB Remote Serial Protocol
*************************************

* Menu:

* Overview::
* Standard Replies::
* Packets::
* Stop Reply Packets::
* General Query Packets::
* Architecture-Specific Protocol Details::
* Tracepoint Packets::
* Host I/O Packets::
* Interrupts::
* Notification Packets::
* Remote Non-Stop::
* Packet Acknowledgment::
* Examples::
* File-I/O Remote Protocol Extension::
* Library List Format::
* Library List Format for SVR4 Targets::
* Memory Map Format::
* Thread List Format::
* Traceframe Info Format::
* Branch Trace Format::
* Branch Trace Configuration Format::


File: gdb.info,  Node: Overview,  Next: Standard Replies,  Up: Remote Protocol

E.1 Overview
============

There may be occasions when you need to know something about the
protocol--for example, if there is only one serial port to your target
machine, you might want your program to do something special if it
recognizes a packet meant for GDB.

   In the examples below, ‘->’ and ‘<-’ are used to indicate transmitted
and received data, respectively.

   All GDB commands and responses (other than acknowledgments and
notifications, see *note Notification Packets::) are sent as a PACKET.
A PACKET is introduced with the character ‘$’, the actual PACKET-DATA,
and the terminating character ‘#’ followed by a two-digit CHECKSUM:

     $PACKET-DATA#CHECKSUM

The two-digit CHECKSUM is computed as the modulo 256 sum of all
characters between the leading ‘$’ and the trailing ‘#’ (an eight bit
unsigned checksum).

   Implementors should note that prior to GDB 5.0 the protocol
specification also included an optional two-digit SEQUENCE-ID:

     $SEQUENCE-ID:PACKET-DATA#CHECKSUM

That SEQUENCE-ID was appended to the acknowledgment.  GDB has never
output SEQUENCE-IDs.  Stubs that handle packets added since GDB 5.0 must
not accept SEQUENCE-ID.

   When either the host or the target machine receives a packet, the
first response expected is an acknowledgment: either ‘+’ (to indicate
the package was received correctly) or ‘-’ (to request retransmission):

     -> $PACKET-DATA#CHECKSUM
     <- +

   The ‘+’/‘-’ acknowledgments can be disabled once a connection is
established.  *Note Packet Acknowledgment::, for details.

   The host (GDB) sends COMMANDs, and the target (the debugging stub
incorporated in your program) sends a RESPONSE.  In the case of step and
continue COMMANDs, the response is only sent when the operation has
completed, and the target has again stopped all threads in all attached
processes.  This is the default all-stop mode behavior, but the remote
protocol also supports GDB's non-stop execution mode; see *note Remote
Non-Stop::, for details.

   PACKET-DATA consists of a sequence of characters with the exception
of ‘#’ and ‘$’ (see ‘X’ packet for additional exceptions).

   Fields within the packet should be separated using ‘,’ ‘;’ or ‘:’.
Except where otherwise noted all numbers are represented in HEX with
leading zeros suppressed.

   Implementors should note that prior to GDB 5.0, the character ‘:’
could not appear as the third character in a packet (as it would
potentially conflict with the SEQUENCE-ID).

   Binary data in most packets is encoded as two hexadecimal digits per
byte of binary data.  This allowed the traditional remote protocol to
work over connections which were only seven-bit clean.  Some packets
designed more recently assume an eight-bit clean connection, and use a
more efficient encoding to send and receive binary data.

   The binary data representation uses ‘7d’ (ASCII ‘}’) as an escape
character.  Any escaped byte is transmitted as the escape character
followed by the original character XORed with ‘0x20’.  For example, the
byte ‘0x7d’ would be transmitted as the two bytes ‘0x7d 0x5d’.  The
bytes ‘0x23’ (ASCII ‘#’), ‘0x24’ (ASCII ‘$’), and ‘0x7d’ (ASCII ‘}’)
must always be escaped.  Responses sent by the stub must also escape
‘0x2a’ (ASCII ‘*’), so that it is not interpreted as the start of a
run-length encoded sequence (described next).

   Response DATA can be run-length encoded to save space.  Run-length
encoding replaces runs of identical characters with one instance of the
repeated character, followed by a ‘*’ and a repeat count.  The repeat
count is itself sent encoded, to avoid binary characters in DATA: a
value of N is sent as ‘N+29’.  For a repeat count greater or equal to 3,
this produces a printable ASCII character, e.g. a space (ASCII code 32)
for a repeat count of 3.  (This is because run-length encoding starts to
win for counts 3 or more.)  Thus, for example, ‘0* ’ is a run-length
encoding of "0000": the space character after ‘*’ means repeat the
leading ‘0’ ‘32 - 29 = 3’ more times.

   The printable characters ‘#’ and ‘$’ or with a numeric value greater
than 126 must not be used.  Runs of six repeats (‘#’) or seven repeats
(‘$’) can be expanded using a repeat count of only five (‘"’).  For
example, ‘00000000’ can be encoded as ‘0*"00’.

   *Note Standard Replies::, for standard error responses, and how to
respond indicating a command is not supported.

   In describing packets (commands and responses), each description has
a template showing the overall syntax, followed by an explanation of the
packet's meaning.  We include spaces in some of the templates for
clarity; these are not part of the packet's syntax.  No GDB packet uses
spaces to separate its components.  For example, a template like ‘foo
BAR BAZ’ describes a packet beginning with the three ASCII bytes ‘foo’,
followed by a BAR, followed directly by a BAZ.  GDB does not transmit a
space character between the ‘foo’ and the BAR, or between the BAR and
the BAZ.

   We place optional portions of a packet in [square brackets]; for
example, a template like ‘c [ADDR]’ describes a packet beginning with
the single ASCII character ‘c’, possibly followed by an ADDR.

   At a minimum, a stub is required to support the ‘?’ command to tell
GDB the reason for halting, ‘g’ and ‘G’ commands for register access,
and the ‘m’ and ‘M’ commands for memory access.  Stubs that only control
single-threaded targets can implement run control with the ‘c’
(continue) command, and if the target architecture supports
hardware-assisted single-stepping, the ‘s’ (step) command.  Stubs that
support multi-threading targets should support the ‘vCont’ command.  All
other commands are optional.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Standard Replies,  Next: Packets,  Prev: Overview,  Up: Remote Protocol

E.2 Standard Replies
====================

The remote protocol specifies a few standard replies.  All commands
support these, except as noted in the individual command descriptions.

empty response

     An empty response (raw character sequence ‘$#00’) means the COMMAND
     is not supported by the stub.  This way it is possible to extend
     the protocol.  A newer GDB can tell if a command is supported based
     on that response (but see also *note qSupported::).

‘E XX’
     An error has occurred; XX is a two-digit hexadecimal error number.
     In almost all cases, the protocol does not specify the meaning of
     the error numbers; GDB usually ignores the numbers, or displays
     them to the user without further interpretation.

‘E.ERRTEXT’
     An error has occurred; ERRTEXT is the textual error message,
     encoded in ASCII.


File: gdb.info,  Node: Packets,  Next: Stop Reply Packets,  Prev: Standard Replies,  Up: Remote Protocol

E.3 Packets
===========

The following table provides a complete list of all currently defined
COMMANDs and their corresponding response DATA.  *Note File-I/O Remote
Protocol Extension::, for details about the File I/O extension of the
remote protocol.

   Each packet's description has a template showing the packet's overall
syntax, followed by an explanation of the packet's meaning.  We include
spaces in some of the templates for clarity; these are not part of the
packet's syntax.  No GDB packet uses spaces to separate its components.
For example, a template like ‘foo BAR BAZ’ describes a packet beginning
with the three ASCII bytes ‘foo’, followed by a BAR, followed directly
by a BAZ.  GDB does not transmit a space character between the ‘foo’ and
the BAR, or between the BAR and the BAZ.

   Several packets and replies include a THREAD-ID field to identify a
thread.  Normally these are positive numbers with a target-specific
interpretation, formatted as big-endian hex strings.  A THREAD-ID can
also be a literal ‘-1’ to indicate all threads, or ‘0’ to pick any
thread.

   In addition, the remote protocol supports a multiprocess feature in
which the THREAD-ID syntax is extended to optionally include both
process and thread ID fields, as ‘pPID.TID’.  The PID (process) and TID
(thread) components each have the format described above: a positive
number with target-specific interpretation formatted as a big-endian hex
string, literal ‘-1’ to indicate all processes or threads
(respectively), or ‘0’ to indicate an arbitrary process or thread.
Specifying just a process, as ‘pPID’, is equivalent to ‘pPID.-1’.  It is
an error to specify all processes but a specific thread, such as
‘p-1.TID’.  Note that the ‘p’ prefix is _not_ used for those packets and
replies explicitly documented to include a process ID, rather than a
THREAD-ID.

   The multiprocess THREAD-ID syntax extensions are only used if both
GDB and the stub report support for the ‘multiprocess’ feature using
‘qSupported’.  *Note multiprocess extensions::, for more information.

   Note that all packet forms beginning with an upper- or lower-case
letter, other than those described here, are reserved for future use.

   Here are the packet descriptions.

‘!’
     Enable extended mode.  In extended mode, the remote server is made
     persistent.  The ‘R’ packet is used to restart the program being
     debugged.

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          The remote target both supports and has enabled extended mode.

‘?’
     This is sent when connection is first established to query the
     reason the target halted.  The reply is the same as for step and
     continue.  This packet has a special interpretation when the target
     is in non-stop mode; see *note Remote Non-Stop::.

     Reply: *Note Stop Reply Packets::, for the reply specifications.

‘A ARGLEN,ARGNUM,ARG,...’
     Initialized ‘argv[]’ array passed into program.  ARGLEN specifies
     the number of bytes in the hex encoded byte stream ARG.  See
     ‘gdbserver’ for more details.

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          The arguments were set.

‘b BAUD’
     (Don't use this packet; its behavior is not well-defined.)  Change
     the serial line speed to BAUD.

     JTC: _When does the transport layer state change?  When it's
     received, or after the ACK is transmitted.  In either case, there
     are problems if the command or the acknowledgment packet is
     dropped._

     Stan: _If people really wanted to add something like this, and get
     it working for the first time, they ought to modify ser-unix.c to
     send some kind of out-of-band message to a specially-setup stub and
     have the switch happen "in between" packets, so that from remote
     protocol's point of view, nothing actually happened._

‘B ADDR,MODE’
     Set (MODE is ‘S’) or clear (MODE is ‘C’) a breakpoint at ADDR.

     Don't use this packet.  Use the ‘Z’ and ‘z’ packets instead (*note
     insert breakpoint or watchpoint packet::).

‘bc’
     Backward continue.  Execute the target system in reverse.  No
     parameter.  *Note Reverse Execution::, for more information.

     Reply: *Note Stop Reply Packets::, for the reply specifications.

‘bs’
     Backward single step.  Execute one instruction in reverse.  No
     parameter.  *Note Reverse Execution::, for more information.

     Reply: *Note Stop Reply Packets::, for the reply specifications.

‘c [ADDR]’
     Continue at ADDR, which is the address to resume.  If ADDR is
     omitted, resume at current address.

     This packet is deprecated for multi-threading support.  *Note vCont
     packet::.

     Reply: *Note Stop Reply Packets::, for the reply specifications.

‘C SIG[;ADDR]’
     Continue with signal SIG (hex signal number).  If ‘;ADDR’ is
     omitted, resume at same address.

     This packet is deprecated for multi-threading support.  *Note vCont
     packet::.

     Reply: *Note Stop Reply Packets::, for the reply specifications.

‘d’
     Toggle debug flag.

     Don't use this packet; instead, define a general set packet (*note
     General Query Packets::).

‘D’
‘D;PID’
     The first form of the packet is used to detach GDB from the remote
     system.  It is sent to the remote target before GDB disconnects via
     the ‘detach’ command.

     The second form, including a process ID, is used when multiprocess
     protocol extensions are enabled (*note multiprocess extensions::),
     to detach only a specific process.  The PID is specified as a
     big-endian hex string.

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          for success

‘F RC,EE,CF;XX’
     A reply from GDB to an ‘F’ packet sent by the target.  This is part
     of the File-I/O protocol extension.  *Note File-I/O Remote Protocol
     Extension::, for the specification.

‘g’
     Read general registers.

     Reply:
     ‘XX...’
          Each byte of register data is described by two hex digits.
          The bytes with the register are transmitted in target byte
          order.  The size of each register and their position within
          the ‘g’ packet are determined by the target description (*note
          Target Descriptions::); in the absence of a target
          description, this is done using code internal to GDB;
          typically this is some customary register layout for the
          architecture in question.

          When reading registers, the stub may also return a string of
          literal ‘x’'s in place of the register data digits, to
          indicate that the corresponding register's value is
          unavailable.  For example, when reading registers from a trace
          frame (*note Using the Collected Data: Analyze Collected
          Data.), this means that the register has not been collected in
          the trace frame.  When reading registers from a live program,
          this indicates that the stub has no means to access the
          register contents, even though the corresponding register is
          known to exist.  Note that if a register truly does not exist
          on the target, then it is better to not include it in the
          target description in the first place.

          For example, for an architecture with 4 registers of 4 bytes
          each, the following reply indicates to GDB that registers 0
          and 2 are unavailable, while registers 1 and 3 are available,
          and both have zero value:

               -> g
               <- xxxxxxxx00000000xxxxxxxx00000000

‘G XX...’
     Write general registers.  *Note read registers packet::, for a
     description of the XX... data.

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          for success

‘H OP THREAD-ID’
     Set thread for subsequent operations (‘m’, ‘M’, ‘g’, ‘G’, et.al.).
     Depending on the operation to be performed, OP should be ‘c’ for
     step and continue operations (note that this is deprecated,
     supporting the ‘vCont’ command is a better option), and ‘g’ for
     other operations.  The thread designator THREAD-ID has the format
     and interpretation described in *note thread-id syntax::.

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          for success

‘i [ADDR[,NNN]]’
     Step the remote target by a single clock cycle.  If ‘,NNN’ is
     present, cycle step NNN cycles.  If ADDR is present, cycle step
     starting at that address.

‘I’
     Signal, then cycle step.  *Note step with signal packet::.  *Note
     cycle step packet::.

‘k’
     Kill request.

     The exact effect of this packet is not specified.

     For a bare-metal target, it may power cycle or reset the target
     system.  For that reason, the ‘k’ packet has no reply.

     For a single-process target, it may kill that process if possible.

     A multiple-process target may choose to kill just one process, or
     all that are under GDB's control.  For more precise control, use
     the vKill packet (*note vKill packet::).

     If the target system immediately closes the connection in response
     to ‘k’, GDB does not consider the lack of packet acknowledgment to
     be an error, and assumes the kill was successful.

     If connected using ‘target extended-remote’, and the target does
     not close the connection in response to a kill request, GDB probes
     the target state as if a new connection was opened (*note ?
     packet::).

‘m ADDR,LENGTH’
     Read LENGTH addressable memory units starting at address ADDR
     (*note addressable memory unit::).  Note that ADDR does not have to
     be aligned to any particular boundary.

     The stub need not use any particular size or alignment when
     gathering data from memory for the response; even if ADDR is
     word-aligned and LENGTH is a multiple of the word size, the stub is
     free to use byte accesses, or not.  For this reason, this packet
     may not be suitable for accessing memory-mapped I/O devices.

     Reply:
     ‘XX...’
          Memory contents; each byte is transmitted as a two-digit
          hexadecimal number.  The reply may contain fewer addressable
          memory units than requested if the server was reading from a
          trace frame memory and was able to read only part of the
          region of memory.

     Unlike most packets, this packet does not support ‘E.ERRTEXT’-style
     textual error replies (*note textual error reply::) by default.
     Stubs should be careful to only send such a reply if GDB reported
     support for it with the ‘error-message’ feature (*note
     error-message::).

‘M ADDR,LENGTH:XX...’
     Write LENGTH addressable memory units starting at address ADDR
     (*note addressable memory unit::).  The data is given by XX...;
     each byte is transmitted as a two-digit hexadecimal number.

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          All the data was written successfully.  (If only part of the
          data was written, this command returns an error.)

‘p N’
     Read the value of register N; N is in hex.  *Note read registers
     packet::, for a description of how the returned register value is
     encoded.

     Reply:
     ‘XX...’
          the register's value

‘P N...=R...’
     Write register N... with value R....  The register number N is in
     hexadecimal, and R... contains two hex digits for each byte in the
     register (target byte order).

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          for success

‘q NAME PARAMS...’
‘Q NAME PARAMS...’
     General query (‘q’) and set (‘Q’).  These packets are described
     fully in *note General Query Packets::.

‘r’
     Reset the entire system.

     Don't use this packet; use the ‘R’ packet instead.

‘R XX’
     Restart the program being debugged.  The XX, while needed, is
     ignored.  This packet is only available in extended mode (*note
     extended mode::).

     The ‘R’ packet has no reply.

‘s [ADDR]’
     Single step, resuming at ADDR.  If ADDR is omitted, resume at same
     address.

     This packet is deprecated for multi-threading support.  *Note vCont
     packet::.

     Reply: *Note Stop Reply Packets::, for the reply specifications.

‘S SIG[;ADDR]’
     Step with signal.  This is analogous to the ‘C’ packet, but
     requests a single-step, rather than a normal resumption of
     execution.

     This packet is deprecated for multi-threading support.  *Note vCont
     packet::.

     Reply: *Note Stop Reply Packets::, for the reply specifications.

‘t ADDR:PP,MM’
     Search backwards starting at address ADDR for a match with pattern
     PP and mask MM, both of which are are 4 byte long.  There must be
     at least 3 digits in ADDR.

‘T THREAD-ID’
     Find out if the thread THREAD-ID is alive.  *Note thread-id
     syntax::.

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          thread is still alive

‘v’
     Packets starting with ‘v’ are identified by a multi-letter name, up
     to the first ‘;’ or ‘?’ (or the end of the packet).

‘vAttach;PID’
     Attach to a new process with the specified process ID PID.  The
     process ID is a hexadecimal integer identifying the process.  In
     all-stop mode, all threads in the attached process are stopped; in
     non-stop mode, it may be attached without being stopped if that is
     supported by the target.

     This packet is only available in extended mode (*note extended
     mode::).

     Reply:
     ‘Any stop packet’
          for success in all-stop mode (*note Stop Reply Packets::)
     ‘OK’
          for success in non-stop mode (*note Remote Non-Stop::)

‘vCont[;ACTION[:THREAD-ID]]...’
     Resume the inferior, specifying different actions for each thread.

     For each inferior thread, the leftmost action with a matching
     THREAD-ID is applied.  Threads that don't match any action remain
     in their current state.  Thread IDs are specified using the syntax
     described in *note thread-id syntax::.  If multiprocess extensions
     (*note multiprocess extensions::) are supported, actions can be
     specified to match all threads in a process by using the ‘pPID.-1’
     form of the THREAD-ID.  An action with no THREAD-ID matches all
     threads.  Specifying no actions is an error.

     Currently supported actions are:

     ‘c’
          Continue.
     ‘C SIG’
          Continue with signal SIG.  The signal SIG should be two hex
          digits.
     ‘s’
          Step.
     ‘S SIG’
          Step with signal SIG.  The signal SIG should be two hex
          digits.
     ‘t’
          Stop.
     ‘r START,END’
          Step once, and then keep stepping as long as the thread stops
          at addresses between START (inclusive) and END (exclusive).
          The remote stub reports a stop reply when either the thread
          goes out of the range or is stopped due to an unrelated
          reason, such as hitting a breakpoint.  *Note range stepping::.

          If the range is empty (START == END), then the action becomes
          equivalent to the ‘s’ action.  In other words, single-step
          once, and report the stop (even if the stepped instruction
          jumps to START).

          (A stop reply may be sent at any point even if the PC is still
          within the stepping range; for example, it is valid to
          implement this packet in a degenerate way as a single
          instruction step operation.)

     The optional argument ADDR normally associated with the ‘c’, ‘C’,
     ‘s’, and ‘S’ packets is not supported in ‘vCont’.

     The ‘t’ action is only relevant in non-stop mode (*note Remote
     Non-Stop::) and may be ignored by the stub otherwise.  A stop reply
     should be generated for any affected thread not already stopped.
     When a thread is stopped by means of a ‘t’ action, the
     corresponding stop reply should indicate that the thread has
     stopped with signal ‘0’, regardless of whether the target uses some
     other signal as an implementation detail.

     The server must ignore ‘c’, ‘C’, ‘s’, ‘S’, and ‘r’ actions for
     threads that are already running.  Conversely, the server must
     ignore ‘t’ actions for threads that are already stopped.

     _Note:_ In non-stop mode, a thread is considered running until GDB
     acknowledges an asynchronous stop notification for it with the
     ‘vStopped’ packet (*note Remote Non-Stop::).

     The stub must support ‘vCont’ if it reports support for
     multiprocess extensions (*note multiprocess extensions::).

     Reply: *Note Stop Reply Packets::, for the reply specifications.

‘vCont?’
     Request a list of actions supported by the ‘vCont’ packet.

     Reply:
     ‘vCont[;ACTION...]’
          The ‘vCont’ packet is supported.  Each ACTION is a supported
          command in the ‘vCont’ packet.

‘vCtrlC’
     Interrupt remote target as if a control-C was pressed on the remote
     terminal.  This is the equivalent to reacting to the ‘^C’ (‘\003’,
     the control-C character) character in all-stop mode while the
     target is running, except this works in non-stop mode.  *Note
     interrupting remote targets::, for more info on the all-stop
     variant.

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          for success

‘vFile:OPERATION:PARAMETER...’
     Perform a file operation on the target system.  For details, see
     *note Host I/O Packets::.

‘vFlashErase:ADDR,LENGTH’
     Direct the stub to erase LENGTH bytes of flash starting at ADDR.
     The region may enclose any number of flash blocks, but its start
     and end must fall on block boundaries, as indicated by the flash
     block size appearing in the memory map (*note Memory Map Format::).
     GDB groups flash memory programming operations together, and sends
     a ‘vFlashDone’ request after each group; the stub is allowed to
     delay erase operation until the ‘vFlashDone’ packet is received.

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          for success

‘vFlashWrite:ADDR:XX...’
     Direct the stub to write data to flash address ADDR.  The data is
     passed in binary form using the same encoding as for the ‘X’ packet
     (*note Binary Data::).  The memory ranges specified by
     ‘vFlashWrite’ packets preceding a ‘vFlashDone’ packet must not
     overlap, and must appear in order of increasing addresses (although
     ‘vFlashErase’ packets for higher addresses may already have been
     received; the ordering is guaranteed only between ‘vFlashWrite’
     packets).  If a packet writes to an address that was neither erased
     by a preceding ‘vFlashErase’ packet nor by some other
     target-specific method, the results are unpredictable.

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          for success
     ‘E.memtype’
          for vFlashWrite addressing non-flash memory

‘vFlashDone’
     Indicate to the stub that flash programming operation is finished.
     The stub is permitted to delay or batch the effects of a group of
     ‘vFlashErase’ and ‘vFlashWrite’ packets until a ‘vFlashDone’ packet
     is received.  The contents of the affected regions of flash memory
     are unpredictable until the ‘vFlashDone’ request is completed.

‘vKill;PID’
     Kill the process with the specified process ID PID, which is a
     hexadecimal integer identifying the process.  This packet is used
     in preference to ‘k’ when multiprocess protocol extensions are
     supported; see *note multiprocess extensions::.

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          for success

‘vMustReplyEmpty’
     The correct reply to an unknown ‘v’ packet is to return the empty
     string, however, some older versions of ‘gdbserver’ would
     incorrectly return ‘OK’ for unknown ‘v’ packets.

     The ‘vMustReplyEmpty’ is used as a feature test to check how
     ‘gdbserver’ handles unknown packets, it is important that this
     packet be handled in the same way as other unknown ‘v’ packets.  If
     this packet is handled differently to other unknown ‘v’ packets
     then it is possible that GDB may run into problems in other areas,
     specifically around use of ‘vFile:setfs:’.

‘vRun;FILENAME[;ARGUMENT]...’
     Run the program FILENAME, passing it each ARGUMENT on its command
     line.  The file and arguments are hex-encoded strings.  If FILENAME
     is an empty string, the stub may use a default program (e.g. the
     last program run).  The program is created in the stopped state.

     This packet is only available in extended mode (*note extended
     mode::).

     Reply:
     ‘Any stop packet’
          for success (*note Stop Reply Packets::)

‘vStopped’
     *Note Notification Packets::.

‘x ADDR,LENGTH’
     Read LENGTH addressable memory units starting at address ADDR
     (*note addressable memory unit::).  Note that ADDR does not have to
     be aligned to any particular boundary.

     The stub need not use any particular size or alignment when
     gathering data from memory for the response; even if ADDR is
     word-aligned and LENGTH is a multiple of the word size, the stub is
     free to use byte accesses, or not.  For this reason, this packet
     may not be suitable for accessing memory-mapped I/O devices.

     GDB will only use this packet if the stub reports the
     ‘binary-upload’ feature is supported in its ‘qSupported’ reply
     (*note qSupported::).

     Reply:
     ‘b XX...’
          Memory contents as binary data (*note Binary Data::).  The
          reply may contain fewer addressable memory units than
          requested if the server was reading from a trace frame memory
          and was able to read only part of the region of memory.
     ‘E NN’
          for an error

‘X ADDR,LENGTH:XX...’
     Write data to memory, where the data is transmitted in binary.
     Memory is specified by its address ADDR and number of addressable
     memory units LENGTH (*note addressable memory unit::); ‘XX...’ is
     binary data (*note Binary Data::).

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          for success

‘z TYPE,ADDR,KIND’
‘Z TYPE,ADDR,KIND’
     Insert (‘Z’) or remove (‘z’) a TYPE breakpoint or watchpoint
     starting at address ADDRESS of kind KIND.

     Each breakpoint and watchpoint packet TYPE is documented
     separately.

     _Implementation notes: A remote target shall return an empty string
     for an unrecognized breakpoint or watchpoint packet TYPE.  A remote
     target shall support either both or neither of a given ‘ZTYPE...’
     and ‘zTYPE...’ packet pair.  To avoid potential problems with
     duplicate packets, the operations should be implemented in an
     idempotent way._

‘z0,ADDR,KIND’
‘Z0,ADDR,KIND[;COND_LIST...][;cmds:PERSIST,CMD_LIST...]’
     Insert (‘Z0’) or remove (‘z0’) a software breakpoint at address
     ADDR of type KIND.

     A software breakpoint is implemented by replacing the instruction
     at ADDR with a software breakpoint or trap instruction.  The KIND
     is target-specific and typically indicates the size of the
     breakpoint in bytes that should be inserted.  E.g., the ARM and
     MIPS can insert either a 2 or 4 byte breakpoint.  Some
     architectures have additional meanings for KIND (*note
     Architecture-Specific Protocol Details::); if no
     architecture-specific value is being used, it should be ‘0’.  KIND
     is hex-encoded.  COND_LIST is an optional list of conditional
     expressions in bytecode form that should be evaluated on the
     target's side.  These are the conditions that should be taken into
     consideration when deciding if the breakpoint trigger should be
     reported back to GDB.

     See also the ‘swbreak’ stop reason (*note swbreak stop reason::)
     for how to best report a software breakpoint event to GDB.

     The COND_LIST parameter is comprised of a series of expressions,
     concatenated without separators.  Each expression has the following
     form:

     ‘X LEN,EXPR’
          LEN is the length of the bytecode expression and EXPR is the
          actual conditional expression in bytecode form.

     The optional CMD_LIST parameter introduces commands that may be run
     on the target, rather than being reported back to GDB.  The
     parameter starts with a numeric flag PERSIST; if the flag is
     nonzero, then the breakpoint may remain active and the commands
     continue to be run even when GDB disconnects from the target.
     Following this flag is a series of expressions concatenated with no
     separators.  Each expression has the following form:

     ‘X LEN,EXPR’
          LEN is the length of the bytecode expression and EXPR is the
          actual commands expression in bytecode form.

     _Implementation note: It is possible for a target to copy or move
     code that contains software breakpoints (e.g., when implementing
     overlays).  The behavior of this packet, in the presence of such a
     target, is not defined._

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          success

‘z1,ADDR,KIND’
‘Z1,ADDR,KIND[;COND_LIST...][;cmds:PERSIST,CMD_LIST...]’
     Insert (‘Z1’) or remove (‘z1’) a hardware breakpoint at address
     ADDR.

     A hardware breakpoint is implemented using a mechanism that is not
     dependent on being able to modify the target's memory.  The KIND,
     COND_LIST, and CMD_LIST arguments have the same meaning as in ‘Z0’
     packets.

     _Implementation note: A hardware breakpoint is not affected by code
     movement._

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          success

‘z2,ADDR,KIND’
‘Z2,ADDR,KIND’
     Insert (‘Z2’) or remove (‘z2’) a write watchpoint at ADDR.  The
     number of bytes to watch is specified by KIND.

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          success

‘z3,ADDR,KIND’
‘Z3,ADDR,KIND’
     Insert (‘Z3’) or remove (‘z3’) a read watchpoint at ADDR.  The
     number of bytes to watch is specified by KIND.

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          success

‘z4,ADDR,KIND’
‘Z4,ADDR,KIND’
     Insert (‘Z4’) or remove (‘z4’) an access watchpoint at ADDR.  The
     number of bytes to watch is specified by KIND.

     Reply:
     ‘OK’
          success

