.. _mozilla_projects_nss_tools_modutil:

NSS tools : modutil
===================

.. container::

   | Name
   |    modutil — Manage PKCS #11 module information within the security module
   |    database.
   | Synopsis
   |    modutil [options] `arguments <arguments>`__
   | Description
   |    The Security Module Database Tool, modutil, is a command-line utility for
   |    managing PKCS #11 module information both within secmod.db files and
   |    within hardware tokens. modutil can add and delete PKCS #11 modules,
   |    change passwords on security databases, set defaults, list module
   |    contents, enable or disable slots, enable or disable FIPS 140-2
   |    compliance, and assign default providers for cryptographic operations.
   |    This tool can also create certificate, key, and module security database
   |    files.
   |    The tasks associated with security module database management are part of
   |    a process that typically also involves managing key databases and
   |    certificate databases.
   | Options
   |    Running modutil always requires one (and only one) option to specify the
   |    type of module operation. Each option may take arguments, anywhere from
   |    none to multiple arguments.
   |    Options
   |    -add modulename
   |            Add the named PKCS #11 module to the database. Use this option
   |            with the -libfile, -ciphers, and -mechanisms arguments.
   |    -changepw tokenname
   |            Change the password on the named token. If the token has not been
   |            initialized, this option initializes the password. Use this option
   |            with the -pwfile and -newpwfile arguments. A password is
   |            equivalent to a personal identification number (PIN).
   |    -chkfips
   |            Verify whether the module is in the given FIPS mode. true means to
   |            verify that the module is in FIPS mode, while false means to
   |            verify that the module is not in FIPS mode.
   |    -create
   |            Create new certificate, key, and module databases. Use the -dbdir
   |            directory argument to specify a directory. If any of these
   |            databases already exist in a specified directory, modutil returns
   |            an error message.
   |    -default modulename
   |            Specify the security mechanisms for which the named module will be
   |            a default provider. The security mechanisms are specified with the
   |            -mechanisms argument.
   |    -delete modulename
   |            Delete the named module. The default NSS PKCS #11 module cannot be
   |            deleted.
   |    -disable modulename
   |            Disable all slots on the named module. Use the -slot argument to
   |            disable a specific slot.
   |    -enable modulename
   |            Enable all slots on the named module. Use the -slot argument to
   |            enable a specific slot.
   |    -fips [true \| false]
   |            Enable (true) or disable (false) FIPS 140-2 compliance for the
   |            default NSS module.
   |    -force
   |            Disable modutil's interactive prompts so it can be run from a
   |            script. Use this option only after manually testing each planned
   |            operation to check for warnings and to ensure that bypassing the
   |            prompts will cause no security lapses or loss of database
   |            integrity.
   |    -jar JAR-file
   |            Add a new PKCS #11 module to the database using the named JAR
   |            file. Use this command with the -installdir and -tempdir
   |            arguments. The JAR file uses the NSS PKCS #11 JAR format to
   |            identify all the files to be installed, the module's name, the
   |            mechanism flags, and the cipher flags, as well as any files to be
   |            installed on the target machine, including the PKCS #11 module
   |            library file and other files such as documentation. This is
   |            covered in the JAR installation file section in the man page,
   |            which details the special script needed to perform an installation
   |            through a server or with modutil.
   |    -list [modulename]
   |            Display basic information about the contents of the secmod.db
   |            file. Specifying a modulename displays detailed information about
   |            a particular module and its slots and tokens.
   |    -rawadd
   |            Add the module spec string to the secmod.db database.
   |    -rawlist
   |            Display the module specs for a specified module or for all
   |            loadable modules.
   |    -undefault modulename
   |            Specify the security mechanisms for which the named module will
   |            not be a default provider. The security mechanisms are specified
   |            with the -mechanisms argument.
   |    Arguments
   |    MODULE
   |            Give the security module to access.
   |    MODULESPEC
   |            Give the security module spec to load into the security database.
   |    -ciphers cipher-enable-list
   |            Enable specific ciphers in a module that is being added to the
   |            database. The cipher-enable-list is a colon-delimited list of
   |            cipher names. Enclose this list in quotation marks if it contains
   |            spaces.
   |    -dbdir [sql:]directory
   |            Specify the database directory in which to access or create
   |            security module database files.
   |            modutil supports two types of databases: the legacy security
   |            databases (cert8.db, key3.db, and secmod.db) and new SQLite
   |            databases (cert9.db, key4.db, and pkcs11.txt). If the prefix sql:
   |            is not used, then the tool assumes that the given databases are in
   |            the old format.
   |    --dbprefix prefix
   |            Specify the prefix used on the database files, such as my\_ for
   |            my_cert8.db. This option is provided as a special case. Changing
   |            the names of the certificate and key databases is not recommended.
   |    -installdir root-installation-directory
   |            Specify the root installation directory relative to which files
   |            will be installed by the -jar option. This directory should be one
   |            below which it is appropriate to store dynamic library files, such
   |            as a server's root directory.
   |    -libfile library-file
   |            Specify a path to a library file containing the implementation of
   |            the PKCS #11 interface module that is being added to the database.
   |    -mechanisms mechanism-list
   |            Specify the security mechanisms for which a particular module will
   |            be flagged as a default provider. The mechanism-list is a
   |            colon-delimited list of mechanism names. Enclose this list in
   |            quotation marks if it contains spaces.
   |            The module becomes a default provider for the listed mechanisms
   |            when those mechanisms are enabled. If more than one module claims
   |            to be a particular mechanism's default provider, that mechanism's
   |            default provider is undefined.
   |            modutil supports several mechanisms: RSA, DSA, RC2, RC4, RC5, AES,
   |            DES, DH, SHA1, SHA256, SHA512, SSL, TLS, MD5, MD2, RANDOM (for
   |            random number generation), and FRIENDLY (meaning certificates are
   |            publicly readable).
   |    -newpwfile new-password-file
   |            Specify a text file containing a token's new or replacement
   |            password so that a password can be entered automatically with the
   |            -changepw option.
   |    -nocertdb
   |            Do not open the certificate or key databases. This has several
   |            effects:
   |               o With the -create command, only a module security file is
   |                 created; certificate and key databases are not created.
   |               o With the -jar command, signatures on the JAR file are not
   |                 checked.
   |               o With the -changepw command, the password on the NSS internal
   |                 module cannot be set or changed, since this password is
   |                 stored in the key database.
   |    -pwfile old-password-file
   |            Specify a text file containing a token's existing password so that
   |            a password can be entered automatically when the -changepw option
   |            is used to change passwords.
   |    -secmod secmodname
   |            Give the name of the security module database (like secmod.db) to
   |            load.
   |    -slot slotname
   |            Specify a particular slot to be enabled or disabled with the
   |            -enable or -disable options.
   |    -string CONFIG_STRING
   |            Pass a configuration string for the module being added to the
   |            database.
   |    -tempdir temporary-directory
   |            Give a directory location where temporary files are created during
   |            the installation by the -jar option. If no temporary directory is
   |            specified, the current directory is used.
   | Usage and Examples
   |    Creating Database Files
   |    Before any operations can be performed, there must be a set of security
   |    databases available. modutil can be used to create these files. The only
   |    required argument is the database that where the databases will be
   |    located.
   |  modutil -create -dbdir [sql:]directory
   |    Adding a Cryptographic Module
   |    Adding a PKCS #11 module means submitting a supporting library file,
   |    enabling its ciphers, and setting default provider status for various
   |    security mechanisms. This can be done by supplying all of the information
   |    through modutil directly or by running a JAR file and install script. For
   |    the most basic case, simply upload the library:
   |  modutil -add modulename -libfile library-file [-ciphers cipher-enable-list] [-mechanisms
     mechanism-list]
   |    For example:
   |  modutil -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -add "Example PKCS #11 Module" -libfile
     "/tmp/crypto.so" -mechanisms RSA:DSA:RC2:RANDOM
   |  Using database directory ...
   |  Module "Example PKCS #11 Module" added to database.
   |    Installing a Cryptographic Module from a JAR File
   |    PKCS #11 modules can also be loaded using a JAR file, which contains all
   |    of the required libraries and an installation script that describes how to
   |    install the module. The JAR install script is described in more detail in
   |    [1]the section called “JAR Installation File Format”.
   |    The JAR installation script defines the setup information for each
   |    platform that the module can be installed on. For example:
   |  Platforms {
   |     Linux:5.4.08:x86 {
   |        ModuleName { "Example PKCS #11 Module" }
   |        ModuleFile { crypto.so }
   |        DefaultMechanismFlags{0x0000}
   |        CipherEnableFlags{0x0000}
   |        Files {
   |           crypto.so {
   |              Path{ /tmp/crypto.so }
   |           }
   |           setup.sh {
   |              Executable
   |              Path{ /tmp/setup.sh }
   |           }
   |        }
   |     }
   |     Linux:6.0.0:x86 {
   |        EquivalentPlatform { Linux:5.4.08:x86 }
   |     }
   |  }
   |    Both the install script and the required libraries must be bundled in a
   |    JAR file, which is specified with the -jar argument.
   |  modutil -dbdir sql:/home/mt"jar-install-filey/sharednssdb -jar install.jar -installdir
     sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
   |  This installation JAR file was signed by:
   |  ----------------------------------------------
   |  **SUBJECT NAME**
   |  C=US, ST=California, L=Mountain View, CN=Cryptorific Inc., OU=Digital ID
   |  Class 3 - Netscape Object Signing, OU="www.verisign.com/repository/CPS
   |  Incorp. by Ref.,LIAB.LTD(c)9 6", OU=www.verisign.com/CPS Incorp.by Ref
   |  . LIABILITY LTD.(c)97 VeriSign, OU=VeriSign Object Signing CA - Class 3
   |  Organization, OU="VeriSign, Inc.", O=VeriSign Trust Network \**ISSUER
   |  NAME**, OU=www.verisign.com/CPS Incorp.by Ref. LIABILITY LTD.(c)97
   |  VeriSign, OU=VeriSign Object Signing CA - Class 3 Organization,
   |  OU="VeriSign, Inc.", O=VeriSign Trust Network
   |  ----------------------------------------------
   |  Do you wish to continue this installation? (y/n) y
   |  Using installer script "installer_script"
   |  Successfully parsed installation script
   |  Current platform is Linux:5.4.08:x86
   |  Using installation parameters for platform Linux:5.4.08:x86
   |  Installed file crypto.so to /tmp/crypto.so
   |  Installed file setup.sh to ./pk11inst.dir/setup.sh
   |  Executing "./pk11inst.dir/setup.sh"...
   |  "./pk11inst.dir/setup.sh" executed successfully
   |  Installed module "Example PKCS #11 Module" into module database
   |  Installation completed successfully
   |    Adding Module Spec
   |    Each module has information stored in the security database about its
   |    configuration and parameters. These can be added or edited using the
   |    -rawadd command. For the current settings or to see the format of the
   |    module spec in the database, use the -rawlist option.
   |  modutil -rawadd modulespec
   |    Deleting a Module
   |    A specific PKCS #11 module can be deleted from the secmod.db database:
   |  modutil -delete modulename -dbdir [sql:]directory
   |    Displaying Module Information
   |    The secmod.db database contains information about the PKCS #11 modules
   |    that are available to an application or server to use. The list of all
   |    modules, information about specific modules, and database configuration
   |    specs for modules can all be viewed.
   |    To simply get a list of modules in the database, use the -list command.
   |  modutil -list [modulename] -dbdir [sql:]directory
   |    Listing the modules shows the module name, their status, and other
   |    associated security databases for certificates and keys. For example:
   |  modutil -list -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
   |  Listing of PKCS #11 Modules
   |  -----------------------------------------------------------
   |    1. NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module
   |           slots: 2 slots attached
   |          status: loaded
   |           slot: NSS Internal Cryptographic Services
   |          token: NSS Generic Crypto Services
   |           slot: NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services
   |          token: NSS Certificate DB
   |  -----------------------------------------------------------
   |    Passing a specific module name with the -list returns details information
   |    about the module itself, like supported cipher mechanisms, version
   |    numbers, serial numbers, and other information about the module and the
   |    token it is loaded on. For example:
   |   modutil -list "NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module" -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
   |  -----------------------------------------------------------
   |  Name: NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module
   |  Library file: \**Internal ONLY module*\*
   |  Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation
   |  Description: NSS Internal Crypto Services
   |  PKCS #11 Version 2.20
   |  Library Version: 3.11
   |  Cipher Enable Flags: None
   |  Default Mechanism Flags: RSA:RC2:RC4:DES:DH:SHA1:MD5:MD2:SSL:TLS:AES
   |    Slot: NSS Internal Cryptographic Services
   |    Slot Mechanism Flags: RSA:RC2:RC4:DES:DH:SHA1:MD5:MD2:SSL:TLS:AES
   |    Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation
   |    Type: Software
   |    Version Number: 3.11
   |    Firmware Version: 0.0
   |    Status: Enabled
   |    Token Name: NSS Generic Crypto Services
   |    Token Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation
   |    Token Model: NSS 3
   |    Token Serial Number: 0000000000000000
   |    Token Version: 4.0
   |    Token Firmware Version: 0.0
   |    Access: Write Protected
   |    Login Type: Public (no login required)
   |    User Pin: NOT Initialized
   |    Slot: NSS User Private Key and Certificate Services
   |    Slot Mechanism Flags: None
   |    Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation
   |    Type: Software
   |    Version Number: 3.11
   |    Firmware Version: 0.0
   |    Status: Enabled
   |    Token Name: NSS Certificate DB
   |    Token Manufacturer: Mozilla Foundation
   |    Token Model: NSS 3
   |    Token Serial Number: 0000000000000000
   |    Token Version: 8.3
   |    Token Firmware Version: 0.0
   |    Access: NOT Write Protected
   |    Login Type: Login required
   |    User Pin: Initialized
   |    A related command, -rawlist returns information about the database
   |    configuration for the modules. (This information can be edited by loading
   |    new specs using the -rawadd command.)
   |   modutil -rawlist -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
   |   name="NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module" parameters="configdir=. certPrefix= keyPrefix=
     secmod=secmod.db flags=readOnly " NSS="trustOrder=75 cipherOrder=100
     slotParams={0x00000001=[slotFlags=RSA,RC4,RC2,DES,DH,SHA1,MD5,MD2,SSL,TLS,AES,RANDOM askpw=any
     timeout=30 ] }  Flags=internal,critical"
   |    Setting a Default Provider for Security Mechanisms
   |    Multiple security modules may provide support for the same security
   |    mechanisms. It is possible to set a specific security module as the
   |    default provider for a specific security mechanism (or, conversely, to
   |    prohibit a provider from supplying those mechanisms).
   |  modutil -default modulename -mechanisms mechanism-list
   |    To set a module as the default provider for mechanisms, use the -default
   |    command with a colon-separated list of mechanisms. The available
   |    mechanisms depend on the module; NSS supplies almost all common
   |    mechanisms. For example:
   |  modutil -default "NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module" -dbdir -mechanisms RSA:DSA:RC2
   |  Using database directory c:\databases...
   |  Successfully changed defaults.
   |    Clearing the default provider has the same format:
   |  modutil -undefault "NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module" -dbdir -mechanisms MD2:MD5
   |    Enabling and Disabling Modules and Slots
   |    Modules, and specific slots on modules, can be selectively enabled or
   |    disabled using modutil. Both commands have the same format:
   |  modutil -enable|-disable modulename [-slot slotname]
   |    For example:
   |  modutil -enable "NSS Internal PKCS #11 Module" -slot "NSS Internal Cryptographic
     Services                            " -dbdir .
   |  Slot "NSS Internal Cryptographic Services                            " enabled.
   |    Be sure that the appropriate amount of trailing whitespace is after the
   |    slot name. Some slot names have a significant amount of whitespace that
   |    must be included, or the operation will fail.
   |    Enabling and Verifying FIPS Compliance
   |    The NSS modules can have FIPS 140-2 compliance enabled or disabled using
   |    modutil with the -fips option. For example:
   |  modutil -fips true -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb/
   |  FIPS mode enabled.
   |    To verify that status of FIPS mode, run the -chkfips command with either a
   |    true or false flag (it doesn't matter which). The tool returns the current
   |    FIPS setting.
   |  modutil -chkfips false -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb/
   |  FIPS mode enabled.
   |    Changing the Password on a Token
   |    Initializing or changing a token's password:
   |  modutil -changepw tokenname [-pwfile old-password-file] [-newpwfile new-password-file]
   |  modutil -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb -changepw "NSS Certificate DB"
   |  Enter old password:
   |  Incorrect password, try again...
   |  Enter old password:
   |  Enter new password:
   |  Re-enter new password:
   |  Token "Communicator Certificate DB" password changed successfully.
   | JAR Installation File Format
   |    When a JAR file is run by a server, by modutil, or by any program that
   |    does not interpret JavaScript, a special information file must be included
   |    to install the libraries. There are several things to keep in mind with
   |    this file:
   |      o It must be declared in the JAR archive's manifest file.
   |      o The script can have any name.
   |      o The metainfo tag for this is Pkcs11_install_script. To declare
   |        meta-information in the manifest file, put it in a file that is passed
   |        to signtool.
   |    Sample Script
   |    For example, the PKCS #11 installer script could be in the file
   |    pk11install. If so, the metainfo file for signtool includes a line such as
   |    this:
   |  + Pkcs11_install_script: pk11install
   |    The script must define the platform and version number, the module name
   |    and file, and any optional information like supported ciphers and
   |    mechanisms. Multiple platforms can be defined in a single install file.
   |  ForwardCompatible { IRIX:6.2:mips SUNOS:5.5.1:sparc }
   |  Platforms {
   |     WINNT::x86 {
   |        ModuleName { "Example Module" }
   |        ModuleFile { win32/fort32.dll }
   |        DefaultMechanismFlags{0x0001}
   |        DefaultCipherFlags{0x0001}
   |        Files {
   |           win32/setup.exe {
   |              Executable
   |              RelativePath { %temp%/setup.exe }
   |           }
   |           win32/setup.hlp {
   |              RelativePath { %temp%/setup.hlp }
   |           }
   |           win32/setup.cab {
   |              RelativePath { %temp%/setup.cab }
   |           }
   |        }
   |     }
   |     SUNOS:5.5.1:sparc {
   |        ModuleName { "Example UNIX Module" }
   |        ModuleFile { unix/fort.so }
   |        DefaultMechanismFlags{0x0001}
   |        CipherEnableFlags{0x0001}
   |        Files {
   |           unix/fort.so {
   |              RelativePath{%root%/lib/fort.so}
   |              AbsolutePath{/usr/local/netscape/lib/fort.so}
   |              FilePermissions{555}
   |           }
   |           xplat/instr.html {
   |              RelativePath{%root%/docs/inst.html}
   |              AbsolutePath{/usr/local/netscape/docs/inst.html}
   |              FilePermissions{555}
   |           }
   |        }
   |     }
   |     IRIX:6.2:mips {
   |        EquivalentPlatform { SUNOS:5.5.1:sparc }
   |     }
   |  }
   |    Script Grammar
   |    The script is basic Java, allowing lists, key-value pairs, strings, and
   |    combinations of all of them.
   |  --> valuelist
   |  valuelist --> value valuelist
   |                 <null>
   |  value ---> key_value_pair
   |              string
   |  key_value_pair --> key { valuelist }
   |  key --> string
   |  string --> simple_string
   |              "complex_string"
   |  simple_string --> [^ \\t\n\""{""}"]+
   |  complex_string --> ([^\"\\\r\n]|(\\\")|(\\\\))+
   |    Quotes and backslashes must be escaped with a backslash. A complex string
   |    must not include newlines or carriage returns.Outside of complex strings,
   |    all white space (for example, spaces, tabs, and carriage returns) is
   |    considered equal and is used only to delimit tokens.
   |    Keys
   |    The Java install file uses keys to define the platform and module
   |    information.
   |    ForwardCompatible gives a list of platforms that are forward compatible.
   |    If the current platform cannot be found in the list of supported
   |    platforms, then the ForwardCompatible list is checked for any platforms
   |    that have the same OS and architecture in an earlier version. If one is
   |    found, its attributes are used for the current platform.
   |    Platforms (required) Gives a list of platforms. Each entry in the list is
   |    itself a key-value pair: the key is the name of the platform and the value
   |    list contains various attributes of the platform. The platform string is
   |    in the format system name:OS release:architecture. The installer obtains
   |    these values from NSPR. OS release is an empty string on non-Unix
   |    operating systems. NSPR supports these platforms:
   |      o AIX (rs6000)
   |      o FREEBSD (x86)
   |      o HPUX (hppa1.1)
   |      o IRIX (mips)
   |      o LINUX (ppc, alpha, x86)
   |      o MacOS (PowerPC)
   |      o NCR (x86)
   |      o NEC (mips)
   |      o OSF (alpha)
   |      o SCO (x86)
   |      o SOLARIS (sparc)
   |      o SONY (mips)
   |      o SUNOS (sparc)
   |      o WINNT (x86)
   |    For example:
   |  IRIX:6.2:mips
   |  SUNOS:5.5.1:sparc
   |  Linux:2.0.32:x86
   |  WIN95::x86
   |    The module information is defined independently for each platform in the
   |    ModuleName, ModuleFile, and Files attributes. These attributes must be
   |    given unless an EquivalentPlatform attribute is specified.
   |    Per-Platform Keys
   |    Per-platform keys have meaning only within the value list of an entry in
   |    the Platforms list.
   |    ModuleName (required) gives the common name for the module. This name is
   |    used to reference the module by servers and by the modutil tool.
   |    ModuleFile (required) names the PKCS #11 module file for this platform.
   |    The name is given as the relative path of the file within the JAR archive.
   |    Files (required) lists the files that need to be installed for this
   |    module. Each entry in the file list is a key-value pair. The key is the
   |    path of the file in the JAR archive, and the value list contains
   |    attributes of the file. At least RelativePath or AbsolutePath must be
   |    specified for each file.
   |    DefaultMechanismFlags specifies mechanisms for which this module is the
   |    default provider; this is equivalent to the -mechanism option with the
   |    -add command. This key-value pair is a bitstring specified in hexadecimal
   |    (0x) format. It is constructed as a bitwise OR. If the
   |    DefaultMechanismFlags entry is omitted, the value defaults to 0x0.
   |  RSA:                   0x00000001
   |  DSA:                   0x00000002
   |  RC2:                   0x00000004
   |  RC4:                   0x00000008
   |  DES:                   0x00000010
   |  DH:                    0x00000020
   |  FORTEZZA:              0x00000040
   |  RC5:                   0x00000080
   |  SHA1:                  0x00000100
   |  MD5:                   0x00000200
   |  MD2:                   0x00000400
   |  RANDOM:                0x08000000
   |  FRIENDLY:              0x10000000
   |  OWN_PW_DEFAULTS:       0x20000000
   |  DISABLE:               0x40000000
   |    CipherEnableFlags specifies ciphers that this module provides that NSS
   |    does not provide (so that the module enables those ciphers for NSS). This
   |    is equivalent to the -cipher argument with the -add command. This key is a
   |    bitstring specified in hexadecimal (0x) format. It is constructed as a
   |    bitwise OR. If the CipherEnableFlags entry is omitted, the value defaults
   |    to 0x0.
   |    EquivalentPlatform specifies that the attributes of the named platform
   |    should also be used for the current platform. This makes it easier when
   |    more than one platform uses the same settings.
   |    Per-File Keys
   |    Some keys have meaning only within the value list of an entry in a Files
   |    list.
   |    Each file requires a path key the identifies where the file is. Either
   |    RelativePath or AbsolutePath must be specified. If both are specified, the
   |    relative path is tried first, and the absolute path is used only if no
   |    relative root directory is provided by the installer program.
   |    RelativePath specifies the destination directory of the file, relative to
   |    some directory decided at install time. Two variables can be used in the
   |    relative path: %root% and %temp%. %root% is replaced at run time with the
   |    directory relative to which files should be installed; for example, it may
   |    be the server's root directory. The %temp% directory is created at the
   |    beginning of the installation and destroyed at the end. The purpose of
   |    %temp% is to hold executable files (such as setup programs) or files that
   |    are used by these programs. Files destined for the temporary directory are
   |    guaranteed to be in place before any executable file is run; they are not
   |    deleted until all executable files have finished.
   |    AbsolutePath specifies the destination directory of the file as an
   |    absolute path.
   |    Executable specifies that the file is to be executed during the course of
   |    the installation. Typically, this string is used for a setup program
   |    provided by a module vendor, such as a self-extracting setup executable.
   |    More than one file can be specified as executable, in which case the files
   |    are run in the order in which they are specified in the script file.
   |    FilePermissions sets permissions on any referenced files in a string of
   |    octal digits, according to the standard Unix format. This string is a
   |    bitwise OR.
   |  user read:                0400
   |  user write:               0200
   |  user execute:             0100
   |  group read:               0040
   |  group write:              0020
   |  group execute:            0010
   |  other read:               0004
   |  other write:              0002
   |  other execute:       0001
   |    Some platforms may not understand these permissions. They are applied only
   |    insofar as they make sense for the current platform. If this attribute is
   |    omitted, a default of 777 is assumed.
   | NSS Database Types
   |    NSS originally used BerkeleyDB databases to store security information.
   |    The last versions of these legacy databases are:
   |      o cert8.db for certificates
   |      o key3.db for keys
   |      o secmod.db for PKCS #11 module information
   |    BerkeleyDB has performance limitations, though, which prevent it from
   |    being easily used by multiple applications simultaneously. NSS has some
   |    flexibility that allows applications to use their own, independent
   |    database engine while keeping a shared database and working around the
   |    access issues. Still, NSS requires more flexibility to provide a truly
   |    shared security database.
   |    In 2009, NSS introduced a new set of databases that are SQLite databases
   |    rather than BerkleyDB. These new databases provide more accessibility and
   |    performance:
   |      o cert9.db for certificates
   |      o key4.db for keys
   |      o pkcs11.txt, which is listing of all of the PKCS #11 modules contained
   |        in a new subdirectory in the security databases directory
   |    Because the SQLite databases are designed to be shared, these are the
   |    shared database type. The shared database type is preferred; the legacy
   |    format is included for backward compatibility.
   |    By default, the tools (certutil, pk12util, modutil) assume that the given
   |    security databases follow the more common legacy type. Using the SQLite
   |    databases must be manually specified by using the sql: prefix with the
   |    given security directory. For example:
   |  modutil -create -dbdir sql:/home/my/sharednssdb
   |    To set the shared database type as the default type for the tools, set the
   |    NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE environment variable to sql:
   |  export NSS_DEFAULT_DB_TYPE="sql"
   |    This line can be set added to the ~/.bashrc file to make the change
   |    permanent.
   |    Most applications do not use the shared database by default, but they can
   |    be configured to use them. For example, this how-to article covers how to
   |    configure Firefox and Thunderbird to use the new shared NSS databases:
   |      o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto
   |    For an engineering draft on the changes in the shared NSS databases, see
   |    the NSS project wiki:
   |      o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB
   | See Also
   |    certutil (1)
   |    pk12util (1)
   |    signtool (1)
   |    The NSS wiki has information on the new database design and how to
   |    configure applications to use it.
   |      o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB_Howto
   |      o https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS_Shared_DB
   | Additional Resources
   |    For information about NSS and other tools related to NSS (like JSS), check
   |    out the NSS project wiki at
   |   
     [2]\ `http://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/ <https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/>`__.
     The NSS site relates
   |    directly to NSS code changes and releases.
   |    Mailing lists: https://lists.mozilla.org/listinfo/dev-tech-crypto
   |    IRC: Freenode at #dogtag-pki
   | Authors
   |    The NSS tools were written and maintained by developers with Netscape, Red
   |    Hat, and Sun.
   |    Authors: Elio Maldonado <emaldona@redhat.com>, Deon Lackey
   |    <dlackey@redhat.com>.
   | Copyright
   |    (c) 2010, Red Hat, Inc. Licensed under the GNU Public License version 2.
   | References
   |    Visible links
   |    1. JAR Installation File Format
   |     ``file:///tmp/xmlto.6gGxS0/modutil.pro...r-install-file``
   |    2. https://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/
